Yadda ake Nemo Jerin Duk Buɗaɗɗen Tashoshi a cikin Linux
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu yi magana a taƙaice game da tashoshin jiragen ruwa a cikin sadarwar kwamfuta kuma mu matsa zuwa yadda za ku iya lissafa duk tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ke buɗewa a cikin Linux.
A cikin sadarwar kwamfuta, kuma mafi mahimmanci a cikin sharuddan software, tashar jiragen ruwa wata hanya ce mai ma'ana wacce ke aiki azaman ƙarshen sadarwa don gano aikace-aikacen da aka bayar ko tsari akan tsarin aiki na Linux. Yana da lamba 16-bit (0 zuwa 65535) wanda ke bambanta aikace-aikacen ɗaya daga wani akan tsarin ƙarshe.
Shahararrun ka'idojin sufuri na Intanet guda biyu, Tsarin Gudanar da Gudanarwa (TCP) da ka'idar User Datagram Protocol (UDP) da sauran ka'idojin da ba a san su ba suna amfani da lambobin tashar jiragen ruwa don zaman sadarwar (lambobin tushe da tashar tashar jiragen ruwa tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da tushen da adiresoshin IP).
Bugu da ƙari, haɗin haɗin adireshin IP, tashar jiragen ruwa da yarjejeniya kamar TCP/UDP an san shi da soket, kuma kowane sabis dole ne ya kasance yana da soket na musamman.
A ƙasa akwai nau'ikan tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban-daban:
- 0-1023 – Sanannun Mashigai, wanda kuma ake kira System Ports.
- 1024-49151 - Mashigai masu rijista, kuma aka sani da Tashoshin Mai amfani.
- 49152-65535 - Tashoshin Tashoshin Ruwa, kuma ana kiranta da Tashoshi masu zaman kansu.
Kuna iya duba jerin aikace-aikace daban-daban da haɗin tashar jiragen ruwa/ yarjejeniya a cikin fayil /etc/services fayil a cikin Linux ta amfani da umarnin cat:
$ cat /etc/services OR $ cat /etc/services | less
# /etc/services: # $Id: services,v 1.48 2009/11/11 14:32:31 ovasik Exp $ # # Network services, Internet style # IANA services version: last updated 2009-11-10 # # Note that it is presently the policy of IANA to assign a single well-known # port number for both TCP and UDP; hence, most entries here have two entries # even if the protocol doesn't support UDP operations. # Updated from RFC 1700, ``Assigned Numbers'' (October 1994). Not all ports # are included, only the more common ones. # # The latest IANA port assignments can be gotten from # http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers # The Well Known Ports are those from 0 through 1023. # The Registered Ports are those from 1024 through 49151 # The Dynamic and/or Private Ports are those from 49152 through 65535 # # Each line describes one service, and is of the form: # # service-name port/protocol [aliases ...] [# comment] tcpmux 1/tcp # TCP port service multiplexer tcpmux 1/udp # TCP port service multiplexer rje 5/tcp # Remote Job Entry rje 5/udp # Remote Job Entry echo 7/tcp echo 7/udp discard 9/tcp sink null discard 9/udp sink null systat 11/tcp users systat 11/udp users daytime 13/tcp daytime 13/udp qotd 17/tcp quote qotd 17/udp quote msp 18/tcp # message send protocol msp 18/udp # message send protocol chargen 19/tcp ttytst source chargen 19/udp ttytst source ftp-data 20/tcp ftp-data 20/udp # 21 is registered to ftp, but also used by fsp ftp 21/tcp ftp 21/udp fsp fspd ssh 22/tcp # The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol ssh 22/udp # The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol telnet 23/tcp telnet 23/udp
Don lissafta duk tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ke buɗe ko a halin yanzu da ke gudana ciki har da TCP da UDP a cikin Linux, za mu yi amfani da netstat, kayan aiki ne mai ƙarfi don sa ido kan haɗin yanar gizo da ƙididdiga.
$ netstat -lntu Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN tcp 0 0 :::25 :::* LISTEN udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:*
Ina,
-l- yana buga kwasfan sauraro kawai-n- yana nuna lambar tashar jiragen ruwa-t- yana ba da damar lissafin tashoshin tcp-u- yana ba da damar lissafin tashoshin udp
Hakanan zaka iya amfani da umarnin ss, sanannen mai amfani mai amfani don bincika kwasfa a cikin tsarin Linux. Gudun umarnin da ke ƙasa don lissafin duk buɗaɗɗen tashoshin TCP da UCP:
$ ss -lntu Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port udp UNCONN 0 0 *:68 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 50 *:3306 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 :::80 ::* tcp LISTEN 0 100 :::25 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 100 *:25
Yi ma'ana don karanta ta cikin shafukan mutum na umarnin da ke sama don ƙarin bayanin amfani.
A taƙaice, fahimtar manufar tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin sadarwar kwamfuta yana da matukar mahimmanci ga tsarin da masu gudanar da hanyar sadarwa. Hakanan zaka iya shiga cikin wannan jagorar netstat tare da misalai masu sauƙi, daidai kuma ingantattun misalai.
A ƙarshe amma ba ƙarami ba, tuntuɓar mu ta hanyar raba wasu hanyoyin don jera manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a cikin Linux ko yin tambaya ta hanyar amsawar da ke ƙasa.