Yadda ake Shigar da Sanya LAMP akan Debian 11 (Bullseye)


Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da za a kafa uwar garken Linux shine don dalilai na tura gidan yanar gizon (s). Dangane da binciken NetCraft.com na Fabrairu 2022 na gidajen yanar gizo miliyan 1 mafi yawan jama'a a duniya, kusan 23.44% na su suna gudana akan Apache.

Wannan koyawa za ta yi tafiya ta hanyar tushen shigarwa da daidaita sabar Linux (musamman Debian 11 Bullseye) don aiki azaman sabar LAMP.

Menene uwar garken LAMP?

A cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanan LAMP na duniya don Linux (A nan ta amfani da Debian 11), Apache, MySQL, da PHP (LAMP). Ana yawan amfani da LAMP don yin la'akari da tarin software (musamman MySQL da PHP) akan sabar yanar gizo.

Kafin nutsewa cikin sassan daidaitawa, yana da mahimmanci a sani game da sabar gidan yanar gizon Apache.

Apache yana ɗaya daga cikin sabobin gidan yanar gizo na na asali kuma ya gano farkonsa zuwa 1995. Apache har yanzu ana amfani da shi sosai a yau kuma yana fa'ida daga tsawon rai, adadi mai yawa na takaddun bayanai da tarin kayayyaki don ƙara sassauci.

Shigar da MySQL da PHP a cikin Debian 11

1. Wannan kashi na farko zai bayyana Debian a matsayin MySQL, da kuma uwar garken PHP. Ya kamata a riga an yi ɓangaren Linux na LAMP ta hanyar shigar da Debian 11 ta labarin mai zuwa akan TecMint:

  • Sabon Shigar Debian 11 Bullseye

Da zarar Debian ya shirya, yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a shigar da ingantaccen software ta amfani da fakitin 'apt'meta-packager.

$ sudo apt install mariadb-server php libapache2-mod-php php-zip php-mbstring php-cli php-common php-curl php-xml php-mysql

2. Bayan an gama shigarwa na MySQL da PHP, galibi ana ba da shawarar tabbatar da shigar MySQL ta amfani da mysql_secure_installation utility.

Da zarar ka aiwatar da umarnin da ke ƙasa, zai tambayi mai amfani ya saita tushen kalmar sirri kuma ya cire abubuwa kamar masu amfani da ba a san su ba, gwada bayanan bayanai, da cire tushen mai amfani da nesa zuwa bayanan SQL.

$ sudo mysql_secure_installation

3. Yanzu da aka saita MySQL, bari mu ci gaba don yin wasu saitunan asali na PHP don wannan uwar garken. Duk da yake akwai tarin saituna waɗanda za a iya saita su don PHP, za mu yi ƴan asali waɗanda galibi ake buƙata.

Bude fayil ɗin sanyi na php yana nan a /etc/php/7.4/apache2/php.ini.

$ sudo vi /etc/php/7.4/apache2/php.ini

Yanzu nemo kirtani \memory_limit kuma ƙara iyaka gwargwadon bukatun aikace-aikacen ku.

Wani muhimmin saiti don dubawa shine \max_execution_time kuma ta hanyar tsoho, za'a saita shi zuwa 30. Idan aikace-aikacen yana buƙatar ƙarin wannan saitin za'a iya canza shi.

A wannan gaba, MySQL da PHP5 suna shirye don fara rukunin yanar gizon. Yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a saita Apache2.

Shigarwa da daidaita Apache2

4. Yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a saita Apache 2 don gama daidaitawar uwar garken LAMP. Mataki na farko don daidaita Apache2 shine a zahiri shigar da software ta amfani da madaidaicin fakitin meta.

$ sudo apt install apache2

Wannan zai shigar da duk fayilolin da suka dace da abin dogaro ga Apache2.

Da zarar an shigar da shi, uwar garken gidan yanar gizo na Apache zai tashi kuma yana hidimar tsohon shafin yanar gizon. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don tabbatar da cewa uwar garken gidan yanar gizo na Apache yana aiki. Zaɓin mafi sauƙi shine amfani da lsof mai amfani:

$ sudo lsof -i :80

Wani zaɓi shine kawai kewaya zuwa adireshin IP na sabar gidan yanar gizon. Tsammanin shigar da Debian tsoho, za a iya saita tsarin don amfani da DHCP don samun adireshin IP ta atomatik.

Don ƙayyade adireshin IP na uwar garken, ana iya amfani da ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan amfani guda biyu. Ko dai mai amfani zai yi aiki a cikin wannan halin.

$ ip show addr			[Shown below in red]
$ ifconfig			[Shown below in green]

Ko da wane irin amfani ake amfani da shi, adireshin IP ɗin da aka samu za a iya shigar da shi a cikin mai binciken gidan yanar gizo akan kwamfuta akan wannan hanyar sadarwa don tabbatar da cewa Apache yana nuna tsohon shafin.

http://IP-Address

A wannan gaba, Apache yana aiki. Yayin da tsohon shafin Debian gidan yanar gizo ne mai walƙiya, yawancin masu amfani za su so ɗaukar wani abu na al'ada. Matakai na gaba za su yi tafiya ta hanyar kafa Apache 2 don karbar bakuncin gidan yanar gizon daban.

Bayar da Rukunin Yanar Gizo da yawa tare da Apache a cikin Debian

5. Debian ya tattara wasu abubuwan amfani masu amfani don sarrafa shafuka da kayayyaki. Kafin yin tafiya ta yadda ake amfani da waɗannan abubuwan amfani, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci ayyukan da suke yi.

  • a2ensite: Ana amfani da wannan kayan aikin don kunna gidan yanar gizon bayan an ƙirƙiri fayil ɗin daidaitawa da ya dace.
  • a2dissite: Ana amfani da wannan kayan aikin don kashe gidan yanar gizon ta hanyar tantance fayil ɗin daidaitawar gidan yanar gizon.
  • a2enmod: Ana amfani da wannan kayan aikin don ba da damar ƙarin samfuran Apache2.
  • a2dismod: Ana amfani da wannan kayan aikin don kashe ƙarin kayan aikin Apache2.
  • a2query: Ana iya amfani da wannan kayan aiki don tattara bayanai game da wuraren da aka kunna.

Da farko bari mu tattara ɗan gogewa tare da biyun farko. Tun da Apache 2 a halin yanzu yana karɓar 'shafin yanar gizon tsoho'bari mu ci gaba kuma mu kashe shi tare da a2dissite.

$ sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf

Wannan umarnin zai kashe tsoho gidan yanar gizon apache da aka gani a hoton da ke sama. Koyaya, don kowane canje-canje ya yi tasiri, dole ne a sake loda saitin Apache 2.

$ sudo systemctl reload apache2

Wannan umarnin zai umurci Apache 2 don sabunta wuraren da aka kunna/kashe da yake ɗauka a halin yanzu. Ana iya tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar sake ƙoƙarin haɗawa zuwa adireshin IP na sabar gidan yanar gizo kuma lura cewa babu abin da aka nuna (wasu kwamfutoci za su adana bayanan, idan na'urar tana nuna tsohuwar gidan yanar gizon bayan an gudanar da umarni biyu na baya, gwada share gidan yanar gizo- browser cache). Wani zaɓi don tabbatar da cewa ba a kunna rukunin yanar gizon ba shine yin amfani da mai amfani a2query.

$ sudo a2query -s

Akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke faruwa a cikin wannan hoton allo don haka mu rushe abubuwa.

  • Koren akwatin da ke sama shine a2query -s wanda ke ba da umarni Apache 2 don bayyana abubuwan da ake ba da sabis a yanzu.
  • Akwatin rawaya shine a2dissite 000-default.conf sannan sabis na apache2 ya sake saukewa. Waɗannan umarni guda biyu sun umurci Apache 2 don kashe tsoffin rukunin yanar gizon sannan a sake shigar da rukunin yanar gizo masu aiki/marasa aiki.
  • Akwatin ja shine a2query -s ana sake ba da ita amma a lura cewa wannan lokacin Apache ya mayar da martani cewa ba a ba da komai ba.

Bari mu yi tafiya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar rukunin da ba na asali ba a yanzu. Mataki na farko shine don canzawa zuwa kundin adireshi na Apache 2 wanda shine /etc/apache2 ta amfani da cd utility.

$ cd /etc/apache2

Akwai mahimman fayiloli da kundayen adireshi da yawa a cikin wannan kundin adireshi, duk da haka, don taƙaitawa, abubuwan buƙatu kawai za a rufe su anan.

Abu na farko da za a yi lokacin kafa sabon rukunin yanar gizo shine ƙirƙirar sabon fayil ɗin daidaitawa a cikin kundin adireshi 'shafukan-samuwa'. Canja kundayen adireshi zuwa cikin 'shafukan-samuwa' directory sannan ƙirƙirar sabon fayil ɗin sanyi.

$ cd sites-available
$ sudo cp 000-default.conf tecmint-test-site.conf

Wannan zai kwafi daidaitawar daga rukunin yanar gizon zuwa cikin sabon fayil ɗin saitin rukunin yanar gizo don ƙarin gyarawa. Bude sabon shafin saitin rukunin yanar gizo tare da editan rubutu.

$ sudo vi tecmint-test-site.conf

A cikin wannan fayil ɗin akwai layi ɗaya mai mahimmanci don samun masaukin gidan yanar gizon, layin shine layin 'DocumentRoot'. Wannan layin yana gaya wa Apache inda mahimman fayilolin gidan yanar gizo shine yakamata suyi aiki lokacin da buƙatun suka shigo don takamaiman albarkatu.

A yanzu, za a saita wannan layin zuwa kundin adireshi wanda babu shi amma zai ɗauki ɗan lokaci kuma zai ƙunshi gidan yanar gizo mai sauƙi don wannan uwar garken Debian don nunawa.

DocumentRoot /var/www/tecmint

Ajiye canje-canje zuwa wannan fayil kuma fita editan rubutu.

Yanzu directory ɗin Apache 2 kawai an gaya masa ya ba da fayiloli daga buƙatun ƙirƙira kuma a cika shi da fayiloli. Yayin da wannan labarin zai yi aiki da fayilolin HTML, babu yiwuwar isashen lokaci don tafiya ta yadda ake ƙirƙirar cikakken gidan yanar gizon aiki kuma ya bar wannan tsari ga mai karatu.

Don haka bari mu ƙirƙiri adireshi don apache don yin hidima kuma mu ƙara ainihin shafin yanar gizon html zuwa gare shi da ake kira 'index.html'.

$ sudo mkdir /var/www/tecmint
$ touch /var/www/tecmint/index.html
$ echo “It's ALIVE!” >> /var/www/tecmint/index.html

Dokokin da ke sama za su ƙirƙiri sabon kundin adireshi mai suna 'tecmint' da kuma sabon fayil da ake kira' index.html'a cikin tecment directory.

Umurnin echo zai sanya wasu rubutu a cikin waccan fayil ɗin domin a zahiri zai nuna wani abu a cikin mai binciken gidan yanar gizon lokacin da Apache ke hidimar gidan yanar gizon.

Lura: Shafin da marubucin ya ƙirƙira don wannan koyawa zai nuna daban! Yanzu ta amfani da umarnin da aka tattauna a baya, Apache yana buƙatar a gaya masa ya yi hidimar wannan sabuwar takaddar html.

$ sudo a2ensite tecmint-test-site.conf
$ sudo systemctl reload apache2
$ sudo a2query -s tecmint-test-site.conf

Umarni na ƙarshe da ke sama zai tabbatar da cewa Apache2 da gaske yana hidimar sabon gidan yanar gizon da aka ƙirƙira. A wannan gaba, sake kewaya mai binciken gidan yanar gizo zuwa adireshin IP na uwar garken kuma duba idan sabon gidan yanar gizon da aka kirkira yana nunawa (sake kwamfutoci suna son cache data kuma don haka, annashuwa da yawa na iya zama dole don samun sabon shafin yanar gizon).

Idan sabon halitta \Yana RAI!!! shafin yana nunawa, sannan Apache 2 ya sami nasarar daidaita shi kuma yana nuna gidan yanar gizon.

Taya murna! Duk da yake wannan saiti ne mai sauƙi wanda ke shirya uwar garken LAMP na Linux don ɗaukar nauyin rukunin yanar gizon, akwai abubuwa masu rikitarwa da yawa waɗanda za a iya yi kuma tsarin ya dogara sosai akan wannan ƙarshen burin.