Fahimtar Rarraba Daban-daban na Dokokin Shell da Amfaninsu a cikin Linux
Idan ya zo ga samun cikakken iko akan tsarin Linux ɗin ku, to babu abin da ke kusa da layin umarni (CLI). Domin zama mai amfani da wutar lantarki na Linux, dole ne mutum ya fahimci nau'ikan umarnin harsashi daban-daban da kuma hanyoyin da suka dace na amfani da su daga tasha.
A cikin Linux, akwai nau'ikan umarni da yawa, kuma ga sabon mai amfani da Linux, sanin ma'anar umarni daban-daban yana ba da damar ingantaccen amfani kuma daidai. Don haka, a cikin wannan labarin, za mu yi tafiya ta cikin rarrabuwa daban-daban na umarnin harsashi a cikin Linux.
Wani abu mai mahimmanci da za a lura shi ne cewa ƙirar layin umarni ya bambanta da harsashi, yana ba da hanya ce kawai don samun damar harsashi. Harsashi, wanda kuma ake iya aiwatarwa sannan yana ba da damar sadarwa tare da kwaya ta amfani da umarni.
Rabe-rabe daban-daban na umarnin Linux sun faɗi ƙarƙashin rarrabuwa masu zuwa:
1. Masu aiwatar da Shirin (Dokokin Tsarin Fayil)
Lokacin da kuke gudanar da umarni, Linux yana bincika ta cikin kundayen adireshi da aka adana a cikin canjin muhalli na PATH daga hagu zuwa dama don aiwatar da takamaiman umarnin.
Kuna iya duba kundin adireshi a cikin PATH kamar haka:
$ echo $PATH /home/aaronkilik/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games
A cikin tsari na sama, directory /home/aaronkilik/bin za a fara nemowa da /usr/local/sbin da sauransu, odar tana da mahimmanci a cikin binciken. tsari.
Misalai na umarnin tsarin fayil a cikin kundin adireshi /usr/bin:
$ ll /bin/
total 16284 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 16:30 ./ drwxr-xr-x 23 root root 4096 Jul 31 16:29 ../ -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6456 Apr 14 18:53 archdetect* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1037440 May 17 16:15 bash* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 520992 Jan 20 2016 btrfs* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 249464 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-calc-size* lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 5 Jul 31 16:19 btrfsck -> btrfs* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 278376 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-convert* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 249464 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-debug-tree* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 245368 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-find-root* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 270136 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-image* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 249464 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-map-logical* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 245368 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-select-super* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 253816 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-show-super* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 249464 Jan 20 2016 btrfstune* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 245368 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-zero-log* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 31288 May 20 2015 bunzip2* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1964536 Aug 19 2015 busybox* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 31288 May 20 2015 bzcat* lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Jul 31 16:19 bzcmp -> bzdiff* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2140 May 20 2015 bzdiff* lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Jul 31 16:19 bzegrep -> bzgrep* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4877 May 20 2015 bzexe* lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Jul 31 16:19 bzfgrep -> bzgrep* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3642 May 20 2015 bzgrep*
2. Linux Aliases
Waɗannan ƙayyadaddun umarni ne na mai amfani, an ƙirƙira su ta amfani da ginin ginin harsashi, kuma sun ƙunshi wasu umarnin harsashi tare da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka da muhawara. Ra'ayoyin shine a yi amfani da sababbi da gajerun sunaye don dogayen umarni.
Ma'anar ƙirƙirar laƙabi shine kamar haka:
$ alias newcommand='command -options'
Don jera duk laƙabi a kan tsarin ku, ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa:
$ alias -p alias alert='notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e '\''s/^\s*[0-9]\+\s*//;s/[;&|]\s*alert$//'\'')"' alias egrep='egrep --color=auto' alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto' alias grep='grep --color=auto' alias l='ls -CF' alias la='ls -A' alias ll='ls -alF' alias ls='ls --color=auto'
Don ƙirƙirar sabon laƙabi a cikin Linux, bi ta wasu misalai na ƙasa.
$ alias update='sudo apt update' $ alias upgrade='sudo apt dist-upgrade' $ alias -p | grep 'up'
Koyaya, laƙabin da muka ƙirƙira a sama kawai suna aiki na ɗan lokaci, lokacin da aka sake kunna tsarin, ba za su yi aiki ba bayan taya ta gaba. Kuna iya saita laƙabi na dindindin a cikin fayil ɗin ku na .bashrc kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.
Bayan ƙara su, gudanar da umarnin da ke ƙasa don aiki.
$ source ~/.bashrc
3. Linux Shell Reserved Words
A cikin shirye-shiryen harsashi, kalmomi irin su idan, to, fi, don, yayin da, case, esac, da sauransu, har sai da wasu da yawa kalmomin harsashi ne. Kamar yadda bayanin ya nuna, suna da ma'ana ta musamman ga harsashi.
Kuna iya jera duk mahimman kalmomin harsashi na Linux ta amfani da umarnin nau'in kamar yadda aka nuna:
$ type if then fi for while case esac else until if is a shell keyword then is a shell keyword fi is a shell keyword for is a shell keyword while is a shell keyword case is a shell keyword esac is a shell keyword else is a shell keyword until is a shell keyword
4. Ayyukan Shell Linux
Ayyukan harsashi rukuni ne na umarni waɗanda ake aiwatarwa tare a cikin harsashi na yanzu. Ayyuka suna taimakawa wajen aiwatar da takamaiman aiki a cikin rubutun harsashi. Sigar al'ada na ayyukan harsashi a cikin rubutun shine:
function_name() {
command1
command2
…….
}
A madadin,
function function_name {
command1
command2
…….
}
Bari mu kalli yadda ake rubuta ayyukan harsashi a cikin rubutun mai suna shell_functions.sh.
#!/bin/bash
#write a shell function to update and upgrade installed packages
upgrade_system(){
sudo apt update;
sudo apt dist-upgrade;
}
#execute function
upgrade_system
Maimakon aiwatar da umarni guda biyu: sudo apt update da sudo apt dist-upgrade daga layin umarni, mun rubuta aikin harsashi mai sauƙi don aiwatar da umarnin biyu a matsayin guda ɗaya. umarni, upgrade_system a cikin rubutun.
Ajiye fayil ɗin kuma bayan haka, sanya rubutun aiwatarwa. A ƙarshe gudanar da shi kamar ƙasa:
$ chmod +x shell_functions.sh $ ./shell_functions.sh
5. Linux Shell Gina-in Dokokin
Waɗannan umarni ne na Linux waɗanda aka gina a cikin harsashi, don haka ba za ku iya samun su a cikin tsarin fayil ba. Sun haɗa da pwd, cd, bg, alias, tarihi, nau'in, tushe, karantawa, fita da sauran su.
Kuna iya jera ko duba ginanniyar umarnin Linux ta amfani da nau'in umarni kamar yadda aka nuna:
$ type pwd pwd is a shell builtin $ type cd cd is a shell builtin $ type bg bg is a shell builtin $ type alias alias is a shell builtin $ type history history is a shell builtin
Koyi game da amfani da ginanniyar Dokokin cikin Linux:
- 15 'pwd' Misalai na umarni a cikin Linux
- 15 'cd' Misalai na umarni a cikin Linux
- Koyi Ikon Umurnin 'tarihin' Linux
Kammalawa
A matsayinka na mai amfani da Linux, yana da mahimmanci koyaushe sanin nau'in umarnin da kake gudanarwa. Na yi imani, tare da madaidaicin bayani mai sauƙin fahimta a sama gami da ƴan misalai masu dacewa, mai yiwuwa kuna da kyakkyawar fahimtar nau'ikan umarnin Linux.
Hakanan zaku iya shiga cikin takura ta sashin sharhin da ke ƙasa don kowace tambaya ko ƙarin ra'ayoyin da kuke son ba mu.