LFCA: Koyi Dokokin Tsarin Tsarin Linux - Sashe na 3

Wannan labarin shine Sashi na 3 na jerin LFCA, a nan a wannan ɓangaren, za mu lissafa 24 daga cikin mafi yawan amfani da umarnin tsarin tsarin Linux waɗanda ake buƙata don gwajin takaddun shaida na LFCA.

Tsarin Linux yana ba da babban ɗakunan umarnin da zaku iya amfani dasu don gudanarwa da sarrafa tsarinku kuma suna kamar haka.

1. umurnin lokaci

Umurnin uptime yana nuna tsawon lokacin da tsarinka yake gudana tun a karo na karshe da aka kunna shi. Ba tare da wata hujja ba, yana nuna tarin bayanai kamar lokacin da tsarin yake gudana, masu amfani da zaman aiki, da matsakaicin nauyi.

$ uptime

11:14:58 up  1:54,  1 user,  load average: 0.82, 1.60, 1.56

Don samun takamaiman kwanan wata da lokaci tun lokacin da aka kunna tsarin, yi amfani da tutar -s .

$ uptime -s

2021-03-17 09:20:02

Don samun takamaiman tsawon lokaci a cikin tsarin da yafi dace da mai amfani saka tutar -p .

$ uptime -p

up 1 hour, 55 minutes

Sakamakon da ke ƙasa yana nuna cewa tsarin ya kasance na awa 1, minti 55.

2. uname Umurni

Umurnin uname yana buga bayanai na asali game da tsarin aikinku da kayan aikin da ke ciki. Ba tare da wata hujja ba, umarnin uname ne kawai yake fitar da tsarin aiki - wanda a wannan yanayin Linux ne.

$ uname

Linux

Flagara tutar -a don bayyana duk bayanan kamar sunan kernel, sigar, saki, inji, mai sarrafawa, da kuma tsarin aiki.

$ uname -a

Linux ubuntu 5.4.0-65-generic #73-Ubuntu SMP Mon Jan 18 17:25:17 UTC 2021 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

Domin nuna sakin kwaya ya sanya tutar -r .

$ uname -r

5.4.0-65-generic

Don samun sigar kwaya amfani da tutar -v .

$ uname -v

#50~20.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Mon Jan 18 17:25:17 UTC 2021

Don ganin nau'in kwaya da kuke amfani da ita, yi amfani da tutar -s .

$ uname -s

Linux

Don ƙarin umarni, bincika sashin taimako kamar haka.

$ uname --help

3. umarni

Umurnin whoami yana nuna mai amfani a halin yanzu kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.

$ whoami

tecmint

4. w Umarni

Umurnin w yana ba da bayani game da masu amfani da shiga yanzu.

$ w

11:24:37 up  2:04,  1 user,  load average: 2.04, 1.95, 1.74
USER     TTY      FROM             [email    IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
tecmint  tty7     :0               09:21    2:04m  7:52   0.52s xfce4-session

5. umarni kyauta

Umurnin kyauta yana ba da bayani game da sauyawa da mahimman amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Yana nuna jimillar girma, wanda aka yi amfani dashi sama da wadatar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya

$ free

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:        8041516     2806424     1918232      988216     3316860     3940216
Swap:      11534332           0    11534332

Don nuna bayanai a cikin tsarin da mutum zai iya karantawa, saka tutar -h .

$ free -h

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:          7.7Gi       2.7Gi       1.9Gi       954Mi       3.2Gi       3.8Gi
Swap:          10Gi          0B        10Gi

6. saman Command

Wannan yana cikin kayan aiki masu amfani a cikin tsarin Linux. Babban umarni yana ba da hango na ayyukan gudana a halin yanzu kuma yana ba da cikakken bayyani na ainihin amfani da tsarin.

A saman saman kayan aikin, kuna samun bayanai game da lokacin aiki, ayyuka masu gudana, CPU, da ƙwaƙwalwar amfani.

$ top

Bari a takaice mu karya abin da kowane shafi yake wakilta.

PID - Wannan shine ID ɗin aikin da aka gano tsari tare da.
MAI AMFANI - Wannan sunan mai amfani ne wanda ya fara ko ya haifar da aikin.
PR - Wannan shine fifikon tsara aiki.
NI - Wannan shine kyakkyawan darajar tsari ko aiki.
BUDURWA - Wannan shine jimillar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wacce aiki ke amfani dashi.
RES - memorywa memorywalwar da ake amfani da ita ta hanyar aiwatarwa.
SHR - Adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da muke aiwatarwa wanda wasu hanyoyin suka raba.
% CPU - Wannan shine amfani da CPU na aiwatarwa.
% RAM - Adadin amfani da RAM.
LOKACI + - Jimillar lokacin CPU da wani tsari yake amfani dashi tunda ya fara aiki.
UMARNI - Wannan sunan aikin ne.

Don nuna matakan musamman ga mai amfani ɗaya, gudanar da umurnin

$ top -u tecmint

7. ps Umarni

Umurnin ps ya lissafa aikin da ake gudanarwa a halin yanzu akan harsashi na yanzu tare da PIDs ɗin su.

$ ps

   PID TTY          TIME CMD
  10994 pts/0    00:00:00 bash
  12858 pts/0    00:00:00 ps

Don nuna aikin mai amfani a halin yanzu, yi amfani da zaɓi -u kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ ps -u tecmint

8. sudo Command

Portmanteau don Super User yi, sudo mai amfani ne na layin umarni wanda ke ba da ikon mai amfani na yau da kullun don aiwatar da ayyukan gudanarwa ko ɗaukaka. Kafin amfani da umarnin, tabbatar cewa an fara amfani da mai amfani zuwa ƙungiyar sudo. Da zarar an ƙara, fara umarni tare da sudo da farko.

Misali, don sabunta jerin kunshin, gudanar da umurnin:

$ sudo apt update

Za a sa ku don kalmar wucewa akan aikin da za a aiwatar da ita.

9. amsa kuwwa Command

Amsar amsa kuwwa tana yin abubuwa da yawa. Da farko, zata iya fitar da darajar kirtani akan tashar kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ echo “Hey guys. Welcome to Linux”

“Hey guys. Welcome to Linux”

Hakanan zaka iya adana kirtani zuwa fayil ta amfani da (>) afareta. Idan fayil ɗin babu, za a ƙirƙira shi.

$ echo “Hey guys. Welcome to Linux” > file1.txt
$ cat file1.txt

“Hey guys. Welcome to Linux”

Da kyau a lura cewa wannan yana sake yin fayil. Don daɗawa ko ƙara bayani yi amfani da ninki biyu da ya fi na afareto (>>) .

$ echo “We hope you will enjoy the ride” >> file1.txt
$ cat file1.txt

“Hey guys. Welcome to Linux”
We hope you will enjoy the ride

Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da umarnin amsa kuwwa don nuna masu canjin yanayi. Misali, don nuna aikin da aka yi a halin yanzu a cikin mai amfani:

$ echo $USER

tecmint

Don nuna hanya zuwa jagorar gida:

$ echo $HOME

/home/tecmint

10. tarihin Umarni

Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, umarnin tarihi yana ba ku tarihin umarnin da aka aiwatar da su na ƙarshe akan tashar.

$ history

11. shugaban Umurni

Wani lokaci, kuna so ku hango a layin farko na fayil ɗin rubutu maimakon kallon duk fayil ɗin. Umurnin kai kayan aiki ne na layin umarni wanda ke nuna layin farko a cikin fayil. Ta hanyar tsoho, ya nuna layin 10 na farko.

$ head /etc/ssh/ssh_config

Kuna iya ƙara tutar -n don saka adadin layukan da za a nuna. Misali, don nuna layuka 5 gudanar da umarnin kamar haka:

$ head -n 5 /etc/ssh/ssh_config

12. wutsiyar Wando

Umurnin jela shine ainihin akasin umarnin shugaban. Yana nuna layuka 10 na ƙarshe na fayil.

$ tail /etc/ssh/ssh_config

Kamar dai umarnin shugaban, zaku iya ayyana adadin layukan da za'a nuna. Misali, don duba layuka 5 na ƙarshe na fayil, gudu:

$ tail -n 5 /etc/ssh/ssh_config

13. wget Umarni

Umurnin wget kayan aiki ne na layin umarni da ake amfani dashi don sauke fayiloli akan yanar gizo. Yana tallafawa ayyuka da yawa gami da zazzage fayiloli da yawa, iyakance bandwidth na saukarwa, zazzagewa a bango da ƙari sosai.

A cikin asalin sa, yana sauke fayil daga URL da aka bayar. A cikin umarnin da ke ƙasa, muna sauke sabon kernel na Linux.

$ wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.11.4.tar.xz

Umurnin yana farawa da farko warware adireshin IP na URL ɗin, wanda akan shi yake haɗuwa da sabobin nesa, kuma ya fara zazzage fayil ɗin. An sauke fayil ɗin zuwa kundin adireshi na yanzu.

Don adana fayil zuwa wani kundin adireshi daban, yi amfani da tuta -P wanda aka bi ta hanyar zuwa kundin adireshin da URL ɗin ke bi. Misali, don saukar da fayil a cikin kundin adireshin /opt , aiwatar da umurnin.

$ wget -P /opt https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.11.4.tar.xz

Don zazzagewa da adana fayil a ƙarƙashin wani suna daban, yi amfani da tuta -O biye da sunan fayil ɗin da ake so.

$ wget -O latest.tar.xz https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.11.4.tar.xz

14. yatsa Umarni

Umurnin yatsa yana ba da ɗan taƙaitaccen bayani game da mai amfani da shiga ciki har da suna, harsashi, kundin adireshin gida, da kuma lokacin da mai amfani ya shiga.

$ finger tecmint

Login: tecmint        			Name: Tecmint
Directory: /home/tecmint            	Shell: /bin/bash
On since Wed Mar 17 09:21 (IST) on tty7 from :0
   2 hours 52 minutes idle
No mail.
No Plan.

15. alias Command

Umurnin laƙabi yana ba ka damar sanya sunan ka ga umarnin Linux don dalilai na saukakawa. Misali don sanya sunan laƙabi da ake kira show zuwa ga umarnin ls -a, gudanar da umarnin laƙabi kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ alias show=ls -a
$ show

16. passwd Umurni

Umurnin passwd yana baka damar canza kalmar shiga. Kawai gudanar da umarnin passwd kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ passwd

Za a sa ku don kalmar wucewa ta yanzu, a kan abin da za ku samar da sabon kalmar sirri kuma daga baya ku tabbatar da ita.

Allyari, za ku iya canza kalmar sirri don wani mai amfani kawai ta hanyar wuce sunan mai amfani na mai amfani azaman hujja.

$ sudo passwd username

17. kungiyoyin Umarni

Don bincika waɗanne rukuni ne mai amfani don tafiyar da umarnin ƙungiyoyi kamar haka:

$ groups
OR
$ groups tecmint

tecmint sudo

18. du Umurni

Kuna son sanya ido kan amfani da faifai na fayilolinku da manyan fayiloli? Dokar du - takaice don amfani da faifai - ita ce daidaitacciyar umarni don bincika faifan fayel na fayiloli da kundayen adireshi.

Umurnin yana bin tsarin asali kamar yadda aka nuna.

$  du OPTIONS FILE

Misali, don duba amfani da faifai a cikin abin da mutum zai iya karantawa a cikin kundin adireshi na yanzu, aiwatar da umarnin:

$ du -h .

Don bincika amfani da faifai a cikin wani kundin adireshi, misali/var/log/gudu umurnin:

$ du -h /var/log

19. df Umarni

Dokar df - takaice don kyauta - tana duba jimlar sararin diski, ana amfani da sararin samaniya da wadatar sararin diski a cikin tsarin fayil daban-daban. Yana ɗaukar bayanan da aka nuna a ƙasa:

$ df OPTIONS FILE

Mafi mahimmancin zaɓuɓɓuka sune -T da -h . Tutar -T tana buga nau'in tsarin fayil yayin tutar -h tana nuna fitarwa a cikin tsarin mutum-mai karantawa.

Umurnin da ke ƙasa ya jera sararin faifai kyauta a cikin dukkan fayilolin fayiloli.

$ df -Th

20. yankan umurni

Ana amfani da umarnin da aka ɗora don sauya mai amfani da mallakar rukuni da kundin adireshi. Lokacin da kuka lissafa abubuwan da ke cikin kundin adireshi ta amfani da umarnin ls -l, zaku sami fitarwa kwatankwacin abin da muke da shi anan.

$ ls -l

A cikin ginshiƙi na 3 da na 4, zaka iya ganin tecmint tecmint a sarari. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan maki ga mai amfani da shigarwa ta biyu yana nufin rukuni, wanda shima tecmint ne. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri sabon mai amfani, ana sanya musu sabon rukunin tsoho, wanda kawai sune memba na asali. Wannan manuniya ce cewa ba a raba fayil (s) ko kundayen adireshi ga kowa.

Ta amfani da umarnin da aka ɗora, zaka iya canza ikon mallakar fayil a sauƙaƙe. Kawai samar da sunan mai shi wanda sunan rukuni ya bi, wanda aka raba shi da cikakken mallaka (:) Wannan babban aiki ne kuma dole ne ku nemi umarnin sudo.

Misali, don canza kungiyar file1.txt zuwa james amma rike mai shi kamar yadda tecmint ke gudana:

$ sudo chown tecmint:james  file1.txt
$ ls -l

Don canza duka mai shi da ƙungiyar, gudanar da umarnin:

$ sudo chown james:james  file1.txt
$ ls -l

Don canza ikon mallakar kundin adireshi yi amfani da tutar -R don maimaitawa. Mun ƙirƙiri sabon kundin adireshi wanda ake kira data kuma zamu canza mai amfani da rukuni zuwa james.

$ sudo chown -R james:james data
$ ls -l

21. chmod Command

Ana amfani da umarnin chmod don saita ko gyaggyara fayil ko izinin izini na babban fayil. Koma zuwa fitowar umarnin ls -l. Shafin farko ya ƙunshi haruffa masu zuwa

drwxrwxrwx

Halin farko (d) yana nuna cewa wannan kundin adireshi ne. An wakilci fayil ta amfani da alamar bugaguni (-) . Sauran haruffa tara sun kasu kashi uku na tutar rwx (karanta, rubuta, aiwatar). Saiti na farko yana wakiltar mai fayil (u), na biyu yana wakiltar rukuni (g), kuma saiti na ƙarshe yana wakiltar duk sauran masu amfani.

Akwai hanyoyi biyu na sanya izinin izini na fayil: Lambobi da alama (rubutu) rubutu. Don bayanin lambobi, kowane tutoci yana wakiltar ƙima kamar yadda aka nuna.

r = 4

w = 2

x = 1

No permissions = 0

Don samun izinin fayil ɗin fayil kawai ƙara ƙimar da ta dace a cikin dukkan saitin. Misali:

drwxrwxr-x

Ga mai shi don fayil din (u) rwx = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7
Ga rukunin (g) rwx = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7
Ga wasu (o) r-x = 4 + 0 + 1 = 5

A ƙarshe, mun isa sanarwa na 775.

Bari mu ɗauki wani misali na fayil 1.txt.

-rw-rw-r-- 1 james  james   59 Mar 6 18:03 file1.txt

Anan, muna da rw-rw-r–.

Bari mu ƙara su.

Ga mai shi don fayil din (u) rw- = 4 + 2 + 0 = 6
Ga rukunin (g) rw- = 4 + 2 + 0 = 6
Ga wasu (o) r = = 4 + 0 + 0 = 4

Wannan ya zo 644.

Za mu sanya wannan zuwa 775. Wannan yana ba mai shi da rukunin fayil ɗin dukkan izini - watau rwx, da sauran masu amfani suna karantawa da aiwatar da izini kawai.

Gudu umarnin:

$ sudo chmod 775 file1.txt

Wata hanyar rarraba izini shine yin amfani da rubutu na alama. Amfani da alamar alama, ana amfani da tutoci masu zuwa don koɗa ko cire izini

- - Cire izini.
+ - Yana ƙara ƙayyadaddun izini.
= - Saita izini na yanzu zuwa ƙayyadaddun izini. Idan babu wasu izini da aka kayyade bayan alamar =, to duk izini daga ajin mai amfani da aka ambata an cire.

Misali, don cire aiwatar da izini daga dukkan saiti - mamallakin fayil ɗin, mambobin rukuni, da sauran masu amfani, suna gudanar da umarnin

$ sudo chmod a-x file1.txt

Don sanya membobin ƙungiyar karanta izini kawai ba rubutawa da aiwatarwa ba, gudu.

$ sudo chmod g=r file1.txt

Don cire izinin izini daga wasu masu amfani, gudu.

$ sudo chmod o-r file1.txt

Don bawa membobin ƙungiyar da sauran masu amfani damar karantawa da rubuta izini, gudana:

$ sudo chmod og+rw file1.txt

Don sanya izini ga kundayen adireshi, yi amfani da tuta -R don saita izini a sake.

Misali:

$ sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/html

22. Dokokin poweroff/sake yi

Umurnin poweroff, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, ya rufe tsarin ku.

$ poweroff

Wani umarnin da yake aiwatar da wannan aikin shine umarnin kashewa kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ shutdown -h now

Tutar -h tana tsaye don tsayawa, yana nufin dakatar da tsarin. Sigogi na biyu shine zaɓin lokaci wanda za'a iya bayyana shi a cikin mintuna da awanni.

Umurnin da ke ƙasa yana nuna saƙo ga duk masu amfani da ke shiga suna sanar da su game da rufe tsarin da aka tsara a cikin minti 5.

$ shutdown -h +5 “System is shutting down shortly. Please save your work.”

Don sake yin tsarin, yi amfani da umarnin sake yi kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ reboot

A madadin, zaku iya sake yi ta amfani da umarnin kashewa tare da zaɓi -r kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ shutdown -r now

23. fita Umurnin

Umurnin fita yana rufe tashar ko fita daga harsashi. Idan kun fara zaman SSH, zaman yana rufe.

$ exit

24. mutum Umarni

Umurnin mutum, gajere don jagora, yana nuna shafukan shafuka don kowane umarnin Linux. Ya zo a hannu lokacin da kake son ganin yadda ake amfani da umarni. Yana ba da cikakken bayanin umarnin tare da taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani, zaɓuɓɓuka, dawowar dawowa, da marubuta don ambaci kaɗan.

Misali, don duba fahimta kan umarnin ls, gudu:

$ man ls

Wannan shine jerin umarnin tsarin da zai taimaka muku farawa cikin gudanar da tsarin ku da kuma tattara fahimta daban-daban. Kamar yadda ake faɗin magana, yin aiki ya cika. Kuma ba sai an fada ba cewa aiwatar da waɗannan umarni lokaci-lokaci zai taimaka maka samun sauƙi da ƙwarewa ga tsarinka.