Koyi Me ya sa ya fi sauri fiye da umarni don Ingantacciyar Kewayawa Fayil

Ƙari shine layin umarni *nix da ake amfani da shi don nuna abubuwan da ke cikin fayil a cikin na'ura wasan bidiyo. Babban amfani da ƙarin umarni shine gudanar da umarni akan fayil kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa:

Koyi Umurnin 'Ƙarin' Linux

# more /var/log/auth.log

Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 11:55:02 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7435]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:05:02 tecmint CRON[7435]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:09:01 tecmint CRON[7542]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:09:01 tecmint CRON[7542]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
....

Wata hanya don amfani da ƙarin umarni tare da haɗin gwiwa (bututu) tare da wasu umarni, kamar umarnin cat, kamar yadda aka gabatar akan misalin ƙasa:

# cat /var/log/auth.log | more

Domin kewaya cikin layin fayil ta layi latsa Shigar da maɓalli ko danna maballin Spacebar don kewaya shafi ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya, shafin shine girman allo na yanzu. Don fita umurnin kawai danna maɓallin q.

Wani zaɓi mai amfani na ƙarin umarni shine canjin -lamba wanda ke ba ka damar saita adadin layin da ya kamata shafi ya ƙunshi. A matsayin misali nuna fayil ɗin auth.log azaman shafi na layin 10:

# more -10 /var/log/auth.log

Hakanan, zaku iya nuna shafin da ya fara daga takamaiman lambar layi ta amfani da zaɓin +lamba kamar yadda aka kwatanta a ƙasa:

# more +14 /var/log/auth.log

Apr 12 12:09:01 tecmint CRON[7542]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:16:01 tecmint mate-screensaver-dialog: gkr-pam: unlocked login keyring
Apr 12 12:17:01 tecmint CRON[7793]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:17:01 tecmint CRON[7793]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:20:01 tecmint CRON[7905]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:20:01 tecmint CRON[7905]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:25:01 tecmint CRON[8107]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:25:01 tecmint CRON[8108]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (

Koyi Dokar 'ƙasa' Linux

Kama da ƙari, ƙarancin umarni yana ba ku damar duba abubuwan da ke cikin fayil kuma kewaya cikin fayil. Babban bambanci tsakanin ƙari da ƙasa shine ƙarancin umarni yana da sauri saboda baya ɗaukar fayil ɗin gaba ɗaya kuma yana ba da damar kewayawa kodayake fayil ta amfani da maɓallan sama/ƙasa.

Za a iya amfani da shi azaman umarnin keɓewa da aka bayar akan fayil ko amfani dashi tare da bututu tare da ɗimbin umarnin Linux don taƙaita fitowar allon su yana ba ku damar gungurawa cikin sakamako.

# less /var/log/auth.log
# ls /etc | less

Kuna iya kewaya cikin layin fayil ta hanyar latsa maɓallin Shigar da. Ana iya sarrafa kewayawar shafi tare da maɓallin spacebar. Girman shafin yana wakilta da girman allon tashar ku na yanzu. Don fita umarni a rubuta maɓalli q, daidai da ƙarin umarni.

Wani fasali mai fa'ida na ƙarancin umarni shine amfani da zaɓin /kalma-zuwa-bincike. Misali zaku iya bincika kuma ku daidaita duk saƙonnin sshd daga fayil ɗin log ta hanyar hulɗa tare da ƙididdige kirtani /sshd.

Don nuna fayil ɗin da ke kallon takamaiman lambar layi yi amfani da madaidaicin tsari:

# less +5 /var/log/auth.log

Idan kana buƙatar bin diddigin adadin kowane layi tare da ƙaramin umarni yi amfani da zaɓin -N.

# less -N /var/log/daemon.log

      1 Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      2 Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      3 Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      4 Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      5 Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      6 Apr 12 11:55:02 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      7 Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      8 Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      9 Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7435]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
     10 Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
     11 Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root

Ta hanyar tsoho hanya ɗaya tilo don fita ƙasan umarni shine danna maɓallin q. Don canza wannan hali da fita fayil ta atomatik lokacin da aka isa ƙarshen fayil yi amfani da zaɓin -e ko -E:

# less -e /var/log/auth.log
# less -E /var/log/auth.log

Don buɗe fayil a farkon abin da ya faru na tsari yi amfani da maƙasudi mai zuwa:

# less +/sshd /var/log/auth.log

Apr 12 16:19:39 tecmint sshd[16666]: Accepted password for tecmint from 192.168.0.15 port 41634 ssh2
Apr 12 16:19:39 tecmint sshd[16666]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user tecmint by (uid=0)
Apr 12 16:19:39 tecmint systemd-logind[954]: New session 1 of user tecmint.
Apr 12 16:19:48 tecmint sshd[16728]: Received disconnect from 192.168.0.15: 11: disconnected by user
Apr 12 16:19:48 tecmint sshd[16666]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session closed for user tecmint
Apr 12 16:20:01 tecmint CRON[16799]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 16:20:02 tecmint CRON[16799]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 16:25:01 tecmint CRON[17026]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 16:25:01 tecmint CRON[17025]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)

Umurnin da ke sama yana ba da ƙarancin buɗe fayil ɗin auth.log a farkon matches na layin sshd.

Domin saka abun ciki na fayil ɗin da aka buɗe cikin ƙasan umarni ta atomatik yi amfani da haɗin maɓallan Shift+f ko a yi ƙasa da ƙasa tare da mahaɗin da ke biyowa.

# less +F /var/log/syslog

Wannan yana sa ƙasa da yin aiki cikin yanayin hulɗa (rayuwa) da nuna sabon abun ciki akan tashi yayin jiran sabon bayanai don rubutawa zuwa fayil. Wannan hali yayi kama da umarnin wutsiya -f.

A haɗe tare da ƙirar za ku iya kallon fayil ɗin log ɗin mu'amala tare da Shift+f bugun maɓalli yayin daidaita maɓalli. Don fita yanayin rayuwa kawai danna maɓallan Ctrl+c.

# less +/CRON /var/log/syslog

Ko kun yanke shawarar amfani da ƙari ko žasa, wanda zaɓi ne na sirri, ku tuna cewa ƙasa da ƙari yana da ƙarin fasali.