LFCS: Yadda ake Binciko Linux tare da Takaddun Takaddun Taimako da Kayayyakin aiki - Kashi na 12

Saboda canje-canjen da aka samu a cikin manufofin jarrabawar LFCS masu tasiri a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2016, muna ƙara batutuwan da ake buƙata ga jerin LFCE kuma.

Da zarar kun saba yin aiki tare da layin umarni kuma kuna jin daɗin yin haka, kun fahimci cewa shigarwa na Linux na yau da kullun ya haɗa da duk takaddun da kuke buƙatar amfani da su da daidaita tsarin.

Wani dalili mai kyau don sanin kayan aikin taimako na layin umarni shine cewa a cikin jarrabawar LFCE, waɗannan su ne kawai tushen bayanan da za ku iya amfani da su - babu binciken intanet kuma babu googling. Kai ne kawai da layin umarni.

Don haka, a cikin wannan labarin za mu ba ku wasu nasihu don yin amfani da shigar da takardu da kayan aikin yadda ya kamata don shirya cin jarrabawar Takaddar Gidauniyar Linux.

Linux Man Pages

Shafin mutum, gajere don shafin hannu, ba kome ba ne kuma ba kome ba ne fiye da abin da kalmar ta nuna: jagorar kayan aiki da aka ba. Ya ƙunshi jerin zaɓuɓɓuka (tare da bayani) waɗanda umarnin ke tallafawa, kuma wasu shafukan mutum ma sun haɗa da misalan amfani suma.

Don buɗe shafin mutum, yi amfani da umarnin mutumin da sunan kayan aikin da kake son ƙarin koyo akai. Misali:

# man diff

zai buɗe shafin jagora don diff, kayan aiki da ake amfani da su don kwatanta fayilolin rubutu ta layi (don fita, kawai danna maɓallin q.).

Bari mu ce muna son kwatanta fayilolin rubutu guda biyu masu suna file1 da file2 a cikin Linux. Waɗannan fayilolin sun ƙunshi jerin fakitin da aka shigar a cikin akwatunan Linux guda biyu tare da rarraba iri ɗaya da sigar.

Yin diff tsakanin file1 da file2 zai gaya mana idan akwai bambanci tsakanin waɗannan jerin:

# diff file1 file2

inda alamar < ke nuna bacewar layi a cikin file2. Idan akwai layukan da suka ɓace a cikin file1, za a nuna su ta alamar > maimakon.

A gefe guda, 7d6 yana nufin layin #7 a cikin fayil yakamata a goge shi don dacewa da file2 (daidai da 24d22 da 41d38), kuma 65,67d61 yana gaya mana muna buƙatar cire layi na 65 zuwa 67 a ciki. fayil daya. Idan muka yi waɗannan gyare-gyare, fayilolin biyu za su zama iri ɗaya.

A madadin, zaku iya nuna fayilolin biyu gefe da gefe ta amfani da zaɓin -y, bisa ga shafin mutum. Kuna iya samun wannan taimako don ƙarin sauƙi gano layin da bacewar a cikin fayiloli:

# diff -y file1 file2

Hakanan, zaku iya amfani da diff don kwatanta fayilolin binary guda biyu. Idan sun kasance iri ɗaya, diff za su fita shiru ba tare da fitarwa ba. In ba haka ba, zai dawo da saƙo mai zuwa: \Faylolin binary X da Y sun bambanta.

Zaɓin -Taimako

Zaɓin --help, samuwa a cikin umarni da yawa (idan ba duka ba), ana iya ɗaukar ɗan gajeren shafi na jagora don takamaiman umarnin. Ko da yake ba ya ba da cikakken bayanin kayan aiki, hanya ce mai sauƙi don samun bayanai game da amfani da shirin da jerin zaɓuɓɓukan da ake da su a kallo cikin sauri.

Misali,

# sed --help

yana nuna amfanin kowane zaɓi da ake samu a sed (editan rafi).

Ɗaya daga cikin misalan na yau da kullun na amfani da sed ya ƙunshi maye gurbin haruffa a cikin fayiloli. Yin amfani da zaɓin -i (wanda aka kwatanta da \gyara fayiloli a wurin), kuna iya shirya fayil ba tare da buɗe shi ba. Idan kuna son yin ajiyar ainihin abinda ke ciki shima, yi amfani da -i wani zaɓi yana biye da SUFFIX don ƙirƙirar fayil daban tare da ainihin abun ciki.

Misali, don musanya kowace faruwar kalmar Lorem da Tecmint (case insensitive) a cikin lorem.txt da ƙirƙirar sabon fayil tare da asali. abinda ke cikin fayil, yi:

# less lorem.txt | grep -i lorem
# sed -i.orig 's/Lorem/Tecmint/gI' lorem.txt
# less lorem.txt | grep -i lorem
# less lorem.txt.orig | grep -i lorem

Lura cewa kowane abin da ya faru na Lorem an maye gurbinsu da Tecmint a cikin lorem.txt, da ainihin abinda ke cikin lorem.txt an ajiye shi zuwa lorem.txt.orig.

Shigar da Takaddun shaida a /usr/share/doc

Wataƙila wannan shine zaɓi na da na fi so. Idan ka je zuwa /usr/share/doc kuma ka yi lissafin adireshi, za ka ga kundin adireshi da yawa tare da sunayen kayan aikin da aka shigar a cikin tsarin Linux naka.

Dangane da Matsayin Matsayin Tsarin Fayil, waɗannan kundayen adireshi sun ƙunshi bayanai masu amfani waɗanda ƙila ba za su kasance a cikin shafukan mutum ba, tare da samfura da fayilolin daidaitawa don sauƙaƙe daidaitawa.

Misali, bari mu yi la'akari da squid-3.3.8 (siffa na iya bambanta daga rarraba zuwa rarrabawa) don mashahurin wakili na HTTP da sabar cache na squid.

Bari mu cd cikin wannan kundin adireshin:

# cd /usr/share/doc/squid-3.3.8

kuma yi lissafin directory:

# ls

Kuna iya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga SAURARA da squid.conf.documented. Waɗannan fayilolin sun ƙunshi ɗimbin bayanai game da Squid da fayil ɗin sanyi mai tsokaci, bi da bi. Ga wasu fakitin, ainihin sunaye na iya bambanta (kamar QuickRef ko 00QUICKSTART, alal misali), amma ƙa'idar iri ɗaya ce.

Sauran fakiti, kamar sabar gidan yanar gizo na Apache, suna ba da samfuran fayil ɗin sanyi a cikin /usr/share/doc, wanda zai taimaka lokacin da za ku saita sabar da ke tsaye ko kuma mai masaukin baki, don suna suna kaɗan. lokuta.

Takardun bayanan GNU

Kuna iya tunanin takaddun bayanai azaman shafukan mutum akan steroids. Don haka, ba wai kawai suna ba da taimako ga takamaiman kayan aiki ba, har ma suna yin haka tare da hyperlinks (e, hyperlinks a cikin layin umarni!) Wannan yana ba ku damar kewayawa daga sashe zuwa wani ta amfani da maɓallin kibiya da Shigar don tabbatarwa.

Wataƙila mafi kyawun misali shine:

# info coreutils

Tun da coreutils ya ƙunshi ainihin fayil, harsashi da abubuwan amfani da rubutu waɗanda ake tsammanin su wanzu akan kowane tsarin aiki, zaku iya sa ran cikakken bayanin kowane ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan a cikin mahimman bayanai.

Kamar yadda lamarin yake a shafukan mutum, zaku iya fita daftarin bayani ta latsa maɓallin q.

Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da bayanan GNU don nuna shafukan mutum na yau da kullun kuma lokacin da sunan kayan aiki ya biyo baya. Misali:

# info tune2fs

zai dawo da shafin mutum na tune2fs, kayan aikin sarrafa tsarin fayil na ext2/3/4.

Kuma yanzu da muke ciki, bari mu sake nazarin wasu amfanin tune2fs:

Nuna bayanai game da tsarin fayil a saman /dev/mapper/vg00-vol_backups:

# tune2fs -l /dev/mapper/vg00-vol_backups

Saita sunan ƙarar tsarin fayil (Ajiyayyen a wannan yanayin):

# tune2fs -L Backups /dev/mapper/vg00-vol_backups

Canza tazarar rajistan da / ko ƙididdige ƙirƙira (amfani da zaɓin -c don saita adadin adadin dutse da / ko -i zaɓi don saita tazarar rajista, inda d = kwanaki, w = makonni, da m = watanni).

# tune2fs -c 150 /dev/mapper/vg00-vol_backups # Check every 150 mounts
# tune2fs -i 6w /dev/mapper/vg00-vol_backups # Check every 6 weeks

Duk waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan da ke sama za a iya jera su tare da zaɓin --help, ko kuma a gani a cikin shafin mutum.

Takaitawa

Ko da kuwa hanyar da kuka zaɓa don kiran taimako don kayan aikin da aka ba su, sanin cewa akwai su da kuma yadda za ku yi amfani da su zai zo da amfani a cikin jarrabawa. Shin kun san wasu kayan aikin da za a iya amfani da su don neman takardun? Jin kyauta don rabawa tare da jama'ar Tecint ta amfani da fom ɗin da ke ƙasa.

Tambayoyi da sauran sharhi sun fi maraba kuma.