Yadda ake Sanyawa da Sarrafa Haɗin Yanar Gizo Ta amfani da kayan aikin nmcli


A matsayinka na mai gudanar da Linux kana da kayan aiki daban-daban da za ka yi amfani da su don daidaita hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon ku, kamar: nmtui, Mai sarrafa hanyar sadarwar ku tare da mai amfani da hoto na GNOME kuma ba shakka nmcli (kayan aikin layin umarni na mai sarrafa cibiyar sadarwa).

Na ga yawancin masu gudanarwa suna amfani da nmtui don sauƙi. Duk da haka ta amfani da nmcli yana adana lokacin ku, yana ba ku kwarin gwiwa, zai iya amfani da shi a cikin rubutun kuma shine kayan aiki na farko da za ku yi amfani da shi don warware matsalar sadarwar uwar garken Linux ɗin ku kuma ya dawo da aikinsa cikin sauri.

Ganin maganganu da yawa suna neman taimako game da nmcli, na yanke shawarar rubuta wannan labarin. Tabbas yakamata ku karanta a hankali shafukan mutum (taimakon No1 a gare ku). Burina shine in adana lokacinku kuma in nuna muku wasu alamu.

Ma'anar nmcli shine:

# nmcli [OPTIONS] OBJECT {COMMAND | help}

Inda abu ke ɗaya daga cikin: gabaɗaya, sadarwar yanar gizo, rediyo, haɗi, na'ura, wakili.

Kyakkyawan wurin farawa shine duba na'urorin mu:

# nmcli dev status

DEVICE      TYPE      STATE         CONNECTION 
docker0     bridge    connected     docker0    
virbr0      bridge    connected     virbr0     
enp0s3      ethernet  connected     enp0s3     
virbr0-nic  ethernet  disconnected  --         
lo          loopback  unmanaged     --         

Kamar yadda muke iya gani a shafi na farko akwai jerin na'urorin sadarwar mu. Muna da katunan cibiyar sadarwa guda ɗaya mai suna enp0s3. A cikin injin ku kuna iya ganin wasu sunaye.

Yin suna ya dogara da nau'in katin sadarwar (idan yana kan jirgi, katin pci, da sauransu). A cikin ginshiƙi na ƙarshe muna ganin fayilolin tsarin mu waɗanda na'urorinmu ke amfani da su don haɗawa da hanyar sadarwa.

Yana da sauƙi a fahimci cewa na'urorinmu da kansu ba za su iya yin komai ba. Suna buƙatar mu yi fayil ɗin sanyi don gaya musu yadda ake samun haɗin yanar gizo. Muna kiran waɗannan fayiloli kuma a matsayin\bayanin martabar haɗin kai Mun same su a cikin /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts directory.

# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
# ls
ifcfg-enp0s3  ifdown-isdn      ifup          ifup-plip      ifup-tunnel
ifcfg-lo      ifdown-post      ifup-aliases  ifup-plusb     ifup-wireless
ifdown        ifdown-ppp       ifup-bnep     ifup-post      init.ipv6-global
ifdown-bnep   ifdown-routes    ifup-eth      ifup-ppp       network-functions
ifdown-eth    ifdown-sit       ifup-ib       ifup-routes    network-functions-ipv6
ifdown-ib     ifdown-Team      ifup-ippp     ifup-sit
ifdown-ippp   ifdown-TeamPort  ifup-ipv6     ifup-Team
ifdown-ipv6   ifdown-tunnel    ifup-isdn     ifup-TeamPort

Kamar yadda kuke gani a nan fayilolin da suna farawa da ifcfg- (tsarin mu'amala) bayanan martaba ne. Lokacin da muka ƙirƙiri sabon haɗi ko gyara wani data kasance tare da nmcli ko nmtui, ana adana sakamakon anan azaman bayanan bayanan haɗin.

Zan nuna muku biyu daga cikin injina, ɗaya tare da saitin dhcp ɗaya kuma tare da ip.

# cat ifcfg-static1
# cat ifcfg-Myoffice1

Mun gane cewa wasu kaddarorin suna da ƙima daban-daban kuma wasu ba su wanzu idan ba lallai ba ne. Bari mu yi saurin duba mafi mahimmancin su.

  1. TYPE, muna da nau'in ethernet anan. Muna iya samun wifi, team, bond da sauransu.
  2. KA'A, sunan na'urar sadarwar da ke da alaƙa da wannan bayanin martaba.
  3. BOOTPROTO, idan yana da darajar \dhcp to bayanan haɗin yanar gizon mu yana ɗaukar IP mai ƙarfi daga uwar garken dhcp, idan yana da darajar \ba kowa to ba zai ɗauki IP mai ƙarfi ba kuma wataƙila ya sanya wani a tsaye IP.
  4. IPADDR, shine tsayayyen IP da muka sanya wa bayanin martabarmu.
  5. PREFIX, abin rufe fuska na subnet. Ƙimar 24 tana nufin 255.255.255.0. Kuna iya fahimtar abin rufe fuska na subnet idan kun rubuta tsarin sa na binary. Misali dabi'u na 16, 24, 26 yana nufin cewa 16, 24 ko 26 bits na farko sune 1 da sauran 0, wanda ke bayyana ainihin menene adireshin cibiyar sadarwa da menene kewayon ip wanda za'a iya sanyawa.
  6. GATEWAY, ƙofar IP.
  7. DNS1, DNS2, sabobin dns guda biyu da muke son amfani da su.
  8. ONBOOT, idan yana da darajar \e yana nufin, cewa a kan boot ɗin kwamfutarmu za ta karanta wannan bayanin kuma a gwada sanya shi zuwa na'urarta.

Yanzu, bari mu ci gaba mu duba haɗin gwiwarmu:

# nmcli con show

Rukunin na'urori na ƙarshe yana taimaka mana mu fahimci wane haɗin ne \UP kuma yana aiki da wanda ba ya aiki.

Alama: Idan kana son ganin haɗin kai kawai, rubuta:

# nmcli con show -a

Alamomi: Kuna iya amfani da Tab ɗin bugawa ta atomatik lokacin da kuke amfani da nmcli, amma yana da kyau a yi amfani da ƙaramin tsari na umarnin. Don haka, umarni masu zuwa daidai suke:

# nmcli connection show
# nmcli con show
# nmcli c s

Idan na duba adiresoshin ip na na'urori na:

# ip a

Na ga cewa na'urar ta enp0s3 ta ɗauki 192.168.1.6 IP daga uwar garken dhcp, saboda bayanin martabar haɗin Myoffice1 wanda ke sama yana da tsarin dhcp. Idan na kawo \up bayanin martaba na haɗin gwiwa tare da suna static1 to na'urar ta za ta ɗauki madaidaiciyar IP 192.168.1.40 kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin bayanan haɗin.

# nmcli con down Myoffice1 ; nmcli con up static1
# nmcli con show

Bari mu sake ganin adireshin IP:

# ip a

Za mu iya yin bayanin martabarmu ta farko. Ƙananan kaddarorin dole ne mu ayyana su ne nau'in, ifname da con-name:

  1. nau'in - don nau'in haɗin gwiwa.
  2. ifname - don sunan na'urar da aka sanya mana haɗin gwiwa.
  3. con-name- don sunan haɗin gwiwa.

Bari mu yi sabuwar hanyar haɗin intanet tare da suna Myhome1, an sanya wa na'urar enp0s3:

# nmcli con add type ethernet con-name Myhome1 ifname enp0s3

Duba tsarin sa:

# cat ifcfg-Myhome1

Kamar yadda kuke gani tana da BOOTPROTO=dhcp, saboda ba mu ba da wani adreshin ip na tsaye ba.

Alamomi: Za mu iya canza kowace alaƙa tare da umarnin \nmcli con mod\. Koyaya, idan kun canza hanyar haɗin dhcp kuma ku canza ta zuwa tsaye kar ku manta da canza \ ipv4.hann ɗin daga auto zuwa \ manual”. In ba haka ba za ku ƙare da adireshin IP guda biyu: ɗaya daga uwar garken dhcp da kuma na tsaye.

Bari mu yi sabon bayanin martaba na haɗin Ethernet tare da suna static2, wanda za a sanya shi zuwa na'urar enp0s3, tare da tsayayyen IP 192.168.1.50, subnet mask 255.255.255.0=24 da ƙofar 192.168 .1.1.

# nmcli con add type ethernet con-name static2 ifname enp0s3 ip4 192.168.1.50/24 gw4 192.168.1.1

Duba tsarin sa:

# cat ifcfg-static2

Bari mu gyara bayanin martaba na ƙarshe kuma mu ƙara sabar DNS guda biyu.

# nmcli con mod static2 ipv4.dns “8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4”

Alamomi: Akwai wani abu a nan dole ne ku kula: kaddarorin adireshin IP da ƙofa suna da sunaye daban-daban lokacin da kuka ƙara da lokacin da kuka canza haɗin. Idan kun ƙara haɗin haɗin yanar gizo kuna amfani da \ip4 da \gw4, yayin da kuka gyara su kuna amfani da \ipv4 da \gwv4 .

Yanzu bari mu kawo wannan bayanin martaba:

# nmcli con down static1 ; nmcli con up static2

Kamar yadda kake gani, na'urar enp0s3 tana da adireshin IP yanzu 192.168.1.50.

# ip a

Alamomi: Akwai kaddarori da yawa da zaku iya gyarawa. Idan baku tuna su da zuciya ɗaya zaku iya taimakon kanku ta hanyar buga \nmcli con show sannan bayan haka sunan haɗin:

# nmcli con show static2

Kuna iya canza duk waɗannan kaddarorin da aka rubuta cikin ƙananan haruffa.

Misali: lokacin da ka saukar da bayanin martabar haɗin kai, NetworkManager yana neman wani bayanin martaba kuma ya kawo ta kai tsaye. (Na bar shi a matsayin motsa jiki don duba shi). Idan ba kwa son bayanin martabar haɗin ku ya haɗa kai da kai:

# nmcli con mod static2 connection.autoconnect no

Darasi na ƙarshe yana da fa'ida sosai: kun yi bayanin martaba amma kuna son takamaiman masu amfani suyi amfani da shi. Yana da kyau a rarraba masu amfani da ku!

Muna barin stella mai amfani kawai don amfani da wannan bayanin martaba:

# nmcli con mod static2 connection.permissions stella

Alamomi: Idan kana son ba da izini ga masu amfani fiye da ɗaya, dole ne ka buga user:user1,user2 ba tare da sarari sarari tsakanin su ba:

# nmcli con mod static2 connection.permissions user:stella,john

Idan kun shiga azaman mai amfani ba za ku iya kawo\sama wannan bayanin martabar haɗin gwiwa ba:

# nmcli con show
# nmcli con up static2
# ls /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts

Saƙon kuskure ya ce haɗin 'static2' ba ya wanzu, ko da mun ga cewa akwai. Wannan saboda mai amfani na yanzu bashi da izini don kawo wannan haɗin.

Kammalawa: kar a yi jinkirin amfani da nmcli. Yana da sauƙi kuma mai taimako.