LFCA: Koyi Dokokin Gudanar da Fayil na asali a cikin Linux - Sashe na 2

Wannan labarin shine Sashi na 2 na jerin LFCA, a nan a wannan ɓangaren, zamuyi bayani game da tsarin fayil ɗin Linux kuma mu rufe ainihin umarnin sarrafa fayil, waɗanda ake buƙata don gwajin takaddun shaida na LFCA.

Yayin da kuka fara aiki a cikin Linux, zaku ɗauki lokaci mai yawa kuna ma'amala tare da fayiloli da kundin adireshi. Ana kuma san kundayen adireshi kamar manyan fayiloli, kuma an tsara su a tsarin tsari.

A cikin tsarin aiki na Linux, ana ɗaukar kowane mahaɗan azaman fayil. A zahiri, akwai sanannen bayani a cikin da'irar Linux wanda ke tafiya: 'Komai fayil ne a cikin Linux'. Wannan karin haske ne kawai kuma a zahiri, mafi yawan fayiloli a cikin Linux fayiloli ne na musamman waɗanda suka haɗa da haɗin alama, toshe fayiloli, da sauransu.

Siffar Tsarin Fayil na Linux

Bari mu ɗan ɗan lokaci mu sami bayyani game da manyan nau'ikan fayil:

Waɗannan sune nau'ikan fayil ɗin gama gari. Fayiloli na yau da kullun suna ƙunshe da rubutun mutum, umarnin shirin, da haruffan ASCII.

Misalan fayiloli na yau da kullun sun haɗa da:

Fayil ɗin rubutu mai sauƙi, fayilolin pdf
fayilolin Multimedia kamar su hoto, kiɗa, da fayilolin bidiyo
Fayil ɗin binary
Fayilolin da aka zubasu ko aka matsa su

Kuma fiye da haka.

Waɗannan su ne fayilolin da ke wakiltar na'urori na zahiri kamar ɗimbin adadin da aka ɗora, masu buga takardu, mashinan CD, da duk kayan shigarwa da fitarwa na I/O.

Littafin adireshi shine nau'in fayil na musamman wanda ke adana duka fayiloli na yau da kullun da na musamman a cikin tsarin tsari wanda ya fara daga tushen (/) shugabanci. Littafin adireshi daidai yake da babban fayil a cikin tsarin aiki na Windows. An kirkiro kundayen adireshi ta amfani da umarnin mkdir, a takaice don yin kundin adireshi, kamar yadda zamu gani nan gaba a cikin wannan karatun.

Tsarin tsarin Linux yana farawa daga tushen kundin adireshi da rassa zuwa wasu kundayen adireshi kamar yadda aka nuna:

Bari mu fahimci kowane kundin adireshi da yadda ake amfani da shi.

Adireshin/tushen shine kundin adireshin gida don tushen mai amfani.
Littafin/dev ya ƙunshi fayilolin na'ura kamar/dev/sda.
A tsaye fayilolin taya suke a cikin/boot directory.
Ana samun aikace-aikace da kayan amfani mai amfani a cikin kundin adireshin/usr.
Littafin/var ya ƙunshi fayilolin log na aikace-aikacen tsarin daban-daban.
Duk fayilolin daidaita tsarin suna adana a cikin kundin adireshin/sauransu.
Adireshin/gida shine inda manyan fayilolin mai amfani suke. Wadannan sun hada da Desktop, Documents, Downloads, Music, Jama'a, da Bidiyo.
Don ƙarin fakitin aikace-aikacen, bincika su a cikin kundin adireshin/opt.
Littafin adireshin/kafofin watsa labarai yana adana fayiloli don na'urori masu cirewa kamar su kebul ɗin USB.
Littafin/mnt ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda ke aiki azaman ɗakunan hawa na ɗan lokaci don abubuwan hawa kamar CD-ROMs.
A/proc directory tsarin fayiloli ne na kamala wanda yake dauke da bayanai game da yadda ake gudanar dasu a halin yanzu. Tsarin fayil ne mai ban mamaki wanda aka kirkira akan tsarin boot kuma aka lalata shi lokacin rufewa.
Littafin bin/ya ƙunshi fayilolin binar mai ba da umarnin mai amfani.
Littafin adireshin/lib ɗin yana adana hotunan laburaren da ƙananan kernel.

Dokokin Gudanar da Fayil na Linux

Kuna ciyar da lokaci mai yawa kuna ma'amala tare da tashar inda zaku rinka yin umarni. Aiwatar da umarni shine mafi kyawun hanyar ma'amala tare da tsarin Linux saboda yana ba ku cikakken iko akan tsarin idan aka kwatanta da amfani da abubuwan nuni na zane-zane.

Don wannan darasi, da darasi masu zuwa, za mu kasance muna yin umarni a kan tashar. Muna amfani da Ubuntu OS kuma don ƙaddamar da tashar, yi amfani da gajeriyar hanyar gajeren hanya CTRL + ALT + T .

Bari yanzu mu shiga cikin asalin umarnin sarrafa fayil wanda zai taimaka muku ƙirƙiri da sarrafa fayilolinku akan tsarinku.

Don bincika kundin adireshin aikin ku na yanzu, kawai kira umarnin pwd kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ pwd

Sakamakon ya nuna cewa muna cikin kundin adireshin gidanmu, cikakke ko cikakkiyar hanyar kasancewa/gida/tecmint.

Don canzawa ko kewaya kundayen adireshi, yi amfani da umarnin cd wanda ke gajere don kundin adireshi.

Misali, don kewaya zuwa hanyar/var/log file, gudanar da umurnin:

$ cd /var/log

Don zuwa kan kundin adireshi ya sanya ɗigo-biyu ko lokaci a ƙarshe.

$ cd ..

Don komawa cikin kundin adireshi na gida sai a kunna cd din ba tare da wata hujja ba.

$ cd

NOTE: Don kewayawa zuwa wani karamin yanki ko kuma shugabanci a cikin kundin adireshin ka na yanzu, kar kayi amfani da lambar wucewa ta gaba (/) kawai a buga cikin sunan shugabanci.

Misali, don kewaya cikin kundin Downloads, gudu:

$ cd Downloads

Umurnin ls umarni ne wanda ake amfani dashi don jerin fayilolin data kasance ko manyan fayiloli a cikin kundin adireshi. Misali, don jera dukkan abubuwan da ke ciki a cikin kundin adireshin gida, za mu gudanar da umarnin.

$ ls

Daga cikin fitarwa, zamu ga cewa muna da fayilolin rubutu guda biyu da manyan fayiloli guda takwas waɗanda yawanci ana ƙirƙira su ta tsohuwa bayan girkawa da shiga cikin tsarin.

Don jera karin bayani saika sanya tutar -lh kamar yadda aka nuna. Zaɓin -l yana tsaye don dogon jeri kuma yana fitar da ƙarin bayani kamar izini na fayil, mai amfani, rukuni, girman fayil, da kwanan wata halitta. Tutar -h tana buga fayil ko girman kundin adireshi a cikin hanyar da mutum zai iya karantawa.

$ ls -lh

Don jera fayilolin ɓoye, ɗaura tutar -a .

$ ls -la

Wannan yana nuna ɓoyayyun fayiloli waɗanda suke farawa tare da alamar lokaci (.) kamar yadda aka nuna.

.ssh
.config
.local

Ana amfani da umarnin taɓawa don ƙirƙirar fayiloli masu sauƙi akan tsarin Linux. Don ƙirƙirar fayil, yi amfani da rubutun:

$ touch filename

Misali, don ƙirƙirar file1.txt fayil, gudanar da umurnin:

$ touch file1.txt

Don tabbatar da ƙirƙirar fayil ɗin, kira kiran umarnin ls.

$ ls

Don duba abubuwan cikin fayil, yi amfani da umarnin cat kamar haka:

$ cat filename

Umarnin mv umarni ne mai yawa. Dogaro da yadda ake amfani da shi, zai iya sake sunan fayil ko motsa shi daga wannan wuri zuwa wani.

Don matsar da fayil ɗin, yi amfani da rubutun da ke ƙasa:

$ mv filename /path/to/destination/

Misali, don matsar da fayil daga shugabanci na yanzu zuwa ga bayanan jama'a/docs, gudanar da umarnin:

$ mv file1.txt Public/docs

A madadin, zaku iya matsar da fayil daga wani wuri daban zuwa ga kundin adireshi na yanzu ta amfani da rubutun da aka nuna. Kula da alamar lokaci a ƙarshen umarnin. Wannan yana nuna wannan wurin '.

$ mv /path/to/file .

Yanzu zamuyi baya. Za mu kwafe fayil ɗin daga hanyar Jama'a/docs zuwa kundin adireshi na yanzu kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ mv Public/docs/file1.txt .

Don sake sunan fayil, yi amfani da rubutun da aka nuna. Umurnin ya cire sunan fayil na asali kuma ya sanya hujja ta biyu azaman sabon sunan fayil.

$ mv filename1 filename2

Misali, don sake suna file1.txt zuwa file2.txt gudanar da umurnin:

$ mv file1.txt  file2.txt

Allyari, za ku iya matsar da sake suna fayil ɗin a lokaci guda ta hanyar tantance babban fayil ɗin da aka nufa da sunan fayil daban.

Misali don matsar da file1.txt zuwa wurin Jama'a/takardu kuma sake masa suna file2.txt yayi umarni:

$ mv file1.txt Public/docs/file2.txt

Umurnin cp, gajere don kwafa, kwafa fayil daga fayil ɗaya zuwa wani. Ba kamar umarnin motsawa ba, umarnin cp yana riƙe da ainihin fayil a inda yake yanzu kuma yana yin kwafin abu biyu a cikin wani kundin daban.

An nuna rubutun don yin kwafin fayil a ƙasa.

$ cp /file/path /destination/path

Misali, don kwafe fayil din fayil 1.txt daga shugabanci na yanzu zuwa ga bayanan jama'a/docs /, bayar da umurnin:

$ cp file1.txt  Public/docs/

Don kwafin kundin adireshi, yi amfani da zaɓin -R don yin kwafin kundin adireshi tare da duk abubuwan da ke ciki. Mun ƙirƙiri wani kundin adireshi mai suna koyawa. Don kwafin wannan kundin adireshi tare da abubuwan da ke ciki zuwa hanyar Jama'a/docs/hanya, gudanar da umarnin:

$ cp -R tutorials Public/docs/

Wataƙila kuna mamakin yadda muka ƙirƙira kundin koyarwar. Da kyau, yana da sauki. Don ƙirƙirar sabon kundin adireshi yi amfani da mkdir (yi shugabanci) umarnin kamar haka:

$ mkdir directory_name

Bari mu kirkiro wani kundin adireshi da ake kira ayyukan kamar yadda aka nuna:

$ mkdir projects

Don ƙirƙirar shugabanci a cikin wani kundin adireshin yi amfani da tutar -p . Umurnin da ke ƙasa yana ƙirƙirar kundin adireshi a cikin kundin Linux a cikin kundin adireshin mahaifa wanda shine kundin ayyukan.

$ mkdir -p projects/linux/fundamentals

Umurnin rmdir ya share kundin adireshi mara komai. Misali, don share ko cire kundin koyarwar, kunna umarnin:

$ rmdir tutorials

Idan kayi kokarin cire kundin adireshi mara fanko, zaka sami sakon kuskure kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ rmdir projects

Ana amfani da umarnin rm (cire) don share fayil. Aikin gabatarwa daidai yake:

$ rm filename

Misali, don share file1.txt file, gudanar da umurnin:

$ rm file1.txt

Allyari, za ku iya cire ko share kundin adireshi akai-akai ta amfani da zaɓi -R . Wannan na iya zama fanko mara amfani ko kuma kundin adireshi mara fanko.

$ rm -R directory_name

Misali, don share kundin ayyukan, gudanar da umurnin:

$ rm -R projects

Wani lokaci, kana iya bincika wurin wani takamaiman fayil. Kuna iya yin wannan ta amfani da ko dai nemo ko gano umarnin.

Umurnin nema yana bincika fayil a wani wuri kuma yana ɗaukar mahawara biyu: hanyar bincike ko shugabanci da fayil ɗin da za'a bincika.

Aikin gabatarwa kamar yadda aka nuna

$ find /path/to/search -name filename

Misali, don bincika fayil mai suna file1.txt a cikin kundin adireshin gida, gudu:

$ find /home/tecmint -name file1.txt

Umurnin gano wuri, kamar umarnin nema, yana taka rawa iri ɗaya ta bincika fayiloli amma yana ɗaukar takaddama ɗaya kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ locate filename

Misali;

$ locate file1.txt

Umurnin neman umarni yana amfani da rumbun adana bayanai na dukkan fayiloli da kundayen adireshi a cikin tsarin.

NOTE: Umurnin gano wuri yafi sauri fiye da umarnin nema. Koyaya, umarnin nema yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma yana aiki a cikin yanayi inda wuri baya samar da sakamakon da ake buƙata.

Shi ke nan! A cikin wannan batun, mun rufe ainihin umarnin sarrafa fayil wanda zai ba ku ƙwarewa wajen ƙirƙirawa da sarrafa fayiloli da kundayen adireshi a cikin tsarin Linux.