Yadda Ake Saita da Cire Na gida, Mai amfani da Faɗin Muhalli a cikin Linux

Canje-canjen Muhalli wasu masu canji ne na musamman waɗanda aka siffanta su a cikin harsashi kuma ana buƙata ta shirye-shirye yayin aiwatarwa. Ana iya siffanta su da tsarin ko ma'anar mai amfani. Ma'anar ma'anar tsarin shine waɗanda aka saita ta tsarin kuma ana amfani da su ta hanyar shirye-shiryen matakin tsarin.

Misali. Umurnin PWD shine tsarin canjin tsarin gama gari wanda ake amfani dashi don adana kundin adireshi na yanzu. Ma'anar ma'anar masu amfani yawanci ana saita ta mai amfani, ko dai na ɗan lokaci don harsashi na yanzu ko na dindindin. Gabaɗayan ra'ayi na saiti da rashin saita masu canjin yanayi sun ta'allaka ne akan wasu saitin fayiloli da 'yan umarni da harsashi daban-daban.

A Faɗaɗɗen sharuddan, canjin yanayi zai iya zama iri uku:

Ɗayan da aka ayyana don zaman na yanzu. Waɗannan sauye-sauyen yanayi suna dawwama har zuwa zaman na yanzu, zama zaman shiga mai nisa, ko zaman tasha na gida. Ba a ƙayyade waɗannan masu canji a cikin kowane fayilolin sanyi ba kuma an ƙirƙira su, kuma an cire su ta amfani da saitin umarni na musamman.

Waɗannan su ne masu canji waɗanda aka ayyana don wani mai amfani kuma ana loda su a duk lokacin da mai amfani ya shiga ta amfani da zaman tasha na gida ko kuma mai amfani ya shiga ta amfani da zaman shiga mai nisa. Waɗannan masu canji yawanci ana saita su kuma ana loda su daga fayilolin sanyi masu zuwa: .bashrc, .bash_profile, .bash_login, .profile fayiloli waɗanda suke a cikin kundin adireshin gida na mai amfani.

Waɗannan su ne sauye-sauyen yanayi waɗanda ke samuwa a faɗin tsarin, watau ga duk masu amfani da ke kan wannan tsarin. Waɗannan sauye-sauye suna nan a cikin fayilolin sanyi na tsarin da ke cikin kundayen adireshi da fayiloli masu zuwa: /etc/environment, /etc/profile, /etc/profile.d/, /etc/bash.bashrc . Ana loda waɗannan masu canji a duk lokacin da aka kunna tsarin kuma a shiga ko dai a gida ko a nesa ta kowane mai amfani.

Fahimtar Fayilolin Mai Amfani da Fayilolin Kanfigareshan Tsari

Anan, mun ɗan bayyana fayilolin sanyi daban-daban da aka jera a sama waɗanda ke riƙe da Canjin Muhalli, ko dai faɗin tsarin ko takamaiman mai amfani.

Wannan fayil ɗin takamaiman fayil ne na mai amfani wanda ake lodawa duk lokacin da mai amfani ya ƙirƙiri sabon zaman gida watau a cikin kalmomi masu sauƙi, yana buɗe sabon tasha. Duk masu canjin yanayi da aka ƙirƙira a cikin wannan fayil za su yi tasiri a duk lokacin da aka fara sabon zaman gida.

Wannan fayil ɗin takamaiman fayil ɗin shiga mai nisa ne. Ana kiran masu canjin mahalli da aka jera a cikin wannan fayil ɗin duk lokacin da mai amfani ya shiga daga nesa watau ta amfani da zaman ssh. Idan wannan fayil ɗin ba ya nan, tsarin yana neman fayilolin .bash_login ko .profile fayiloli.

Wannan fayil ɗin babban fayil ne na tsari don ƙirƙira, gyara ko cire duk wasu masu canjin yanayi. Matsalolin mahalli da aka ƙirƙira a cikin wannan fayil ana samun dama ga duk cikin tsarin, ta kowane mai amfani, na gida da kuma nesa.

Fayil mai faɗin tsarin bashrc. Ana loda wannan fayil sau ɗaya don kowane mai amfani, duk lokacin da mai amfani ya buɗe zaman tasha na gida. Matsalolin mahalli da aka ƙirƙira a cikin wannan fayil ana samun dama ga duk masu amfani amma ta wurin zaman tasha na gida kawai. Lokacin da aka sami dama ga kowane mai amfani akan waccan na'ura ta hanyar zaman shiga mai nisa, waɗannan masu canjin ba za su ganuwa ba.

Fayil mai faɗin tsarin tsari. Duk masu canji da aka ƙirƙira a cikin wannan fayil ana samun dama ga kowane mai amfani akan tsarin, amma kawai idan an kira taron mai amfani daga nesa, watau ta hanyar shiga mai nisa. Duk wani maɓalli a cikin wannan fayil ɗin ba zai kasance mai isa ga zaman shiga gida ba watau lokacin da mai amfani ya buɗe sabon tasha akan tsarin gida.

Lura: Za'a iya cire masu canjin yanayi waɗanda aka ƙirƙira ta amfani da fayilolin tsarin ko fa'idar mai amfani ta hanyar cire su daga waɗannan fayilolin kawai. Kawai bayan kowane canje-canje a cikin waɗannan fayilolin, ko dai fita kuma a sake shiga ko kuma kawai rubuta umarni mai zuwa akan tashar don canje-canje suyi tasiri:

$ source <file-name>

Saita ko Cire Maɓallin Muhalli na Gida ko Faɗin Zama a cikin Linux

Za a iya ƙirƙira Canjin Muhalli na gida ta amfani da umarni masu zuwa:

$ var=value 
OR
$ export var=value

Waɗannan masu canji suna da faɗin zama kuma suna aiki ne kawai don zaman tasha na yanzu. Don share waɗannan madaidaicin yanayi na faɗin zaman ana iya amfani da umarni masu zuwa:

Ta hanyar tsoho, umarnin \env\ yana lissafin duk masu canjin yanayi na yanzu. Amma, idan aka yi amfani da shi tare da canza -i, yana kawar da duk masu canjin yanayi na ɗan lokaci kuma yana barin mai amfani ya aiwatar da umarni a cikin zaman yanzu in babu duk masu canjin yanayi.

$ env –i [Var=Value]… command args…

Anan, var=value yayi daidai da kowane canjin yanayi na gida wanda kake son amfani da shi tare da wannan umarni kawai.

$ env –i bash

Zai ba da harsashi bash wanda na ɗan lokaci ba zai sami kowane canjin yanayi ba. Amma, yayin da kuke fita daga harsashi, za a dawo da duk masu canji.

Wata hanya don share canjin yanayi na gida shine ta amfani da umarnin da ba a saita ba. Don warware kowane canjin yanayi na ɗan lokaci,

$ unset <var-name>

Inda, var-name shine sunan canjin gida wanda kake son cirewa ko sharewa.

Wata hanyar da ba a gama gamawa ba ita ce saita sunan canjin da kake son sharewa, zuwa > (Ba komai). Wannan zai share ƙimar canjin gida don zaman yanzu wanda yake aiki don shi.

NOTE – ZAKU IYA KODA WASA DA CANZA DARAJAR TSARKI KO MAHALIN MAI AMFANI, AMMA CANJI ZAI YI NUNA A ZAMAN KARSHEN YANZU KAWAI KUMA BA ZAI DOLE BA.

Koyi Yadda ake Ƙirƙirar, Faɗin Mai amfani da Mabambantan Muhalli mai Faɗin Tsari a cikin Linux

A cikin sashe, za mu koyi yadda ake saita ko cire saiti na gida, mai amfani da tsarin faɗuwar yanayi a cikin Linux tare da misalan ƙasa:

a.) Anan, mun ƙirƙiri madaidaicin gida VAR1 kuma saita shi zuwa kowace ƙima. Sa'an nan kuma, muna amfani da unset don cire wannan canjin gida, kuma a ƙarshe an cire wannan canjin.

$ VAR1='TecMint is best Site for Linux Articles'
$ echo $VAR1
$ unset VAR1
$ echo $VAR1

b.) Wata hanyar ƙirƙirar canjin gida ita ce ta amfani da umarni export. Za a sami maɓalli na gida da aka ƙirƙira don zama na yanzu. Don cire canjin kawai saita ƙimar m zuwa .

$ export VAR='TecMint is best Site for Linux Articles'
$ echo $VAR
$ VAR=
$ echo $VAR

c.) Anan, mun ƙirƙiri madaidaicin gida VAR2 kuma mun saita shi zuwa ƙima. Sannan don aiwatar da umarni na ɗan lokaci yana share duk masu canjin yanayi na ɗan lokaci, mun aiwatar da umarnin env –i. Wannan umarni a nan ya aiwatar da bash harsashi ta hanyar share duk wasu masu canjin yanayi. Bayan shigar da fita akan harsashin bash da aka kira, duk masu canji za a dawo dasu.

$ VAR2='TecMint is best Site for Linux Articles'
$ echo $VAR2
$ env -i bash
$ echo $VAR2   

a.) Gyara fayil .bashrc a cikin kundin adireshin gidanku don fitarwa ko saita canjin yanayi da kuke buƙatar ƙarawa. Bayan wannan tushen fayil ɗin, don yin canje-canjen suyi tasiri. Sa'an nan za ku ga m (CD a cikin akwati), yana aiki. Wannan madaidaicin zai kasance a duk lokacin da ka buɗe sabon tasha don wannan mai amfani, amma ba don zaman shiga mai nisa ba.

$ vi .bashrc

Ƙara layin da ke gaba zuwa fayil ɗin .bashrc a ƙasa.

export CD='This is TecMint Home'

Yanzu gudanar da umarni mai zuwa don ɗaukar sabbin canje-canje kuma gwada shi.

$ source .bashrc 
$ echo $CD

Don cire wannan m, kawai cire layi mai zuwa a cikin fayil .bashrc kuma sake samo shi:

b.) Don ƙara maɓalli wanda zai kasance don zaman shiga na nisa (watau lokacin da kake ssh ga mai amfani daga tsarin nesa), gyara fayil ɗin .bash_profile.

$ vi .bash_profile

Ƙara layin da ke gaba zuwa fayil ɗin .bash_profile a ƙasa.

export VAR2='This is TecMint Home'

Lokacin da ake samo wannan fayil ɗin, mai canzawa zai kasance lokacin da kuka yi ssh ga wannan mai amfani, amma ba akan buɗe kowane sabon tashar gida ba.

$ source .bash_profile 
$ echo $VAR2

Anan, VAR2 baya samuwa da farko amma, akan yin ssh ga mai amfani akan localhost, mai canzawa yana samuwa.

$ ssh [email 
$ echo $VAR2

Don cire wannan canjin, kawai cire layin a cikin fayil ɗin .bash_profile wanda kuka ƙara, sannan sake samo fayil ɗin.

NOTE: Waɗannan masu canji za su kasance a duk lokacin da ka shiga cikin mai amfani na yanzu amma ba ga sauran masu amfani ba.

a.) Don ƙara tsarin m no-login variable (watau ɗaya wanda yake samuwa ga duk masu amfani lokacin da ɗayansu ya buɗe sabon tashar tashar amma ba lokacin da kowane mai amfani da na'ura ke shiga ba) ƙara m zuwa /etc/bash. bashrcfayil.

export VAR='This is system-wide variable'

Bayan haka, buɗe fayil ɗin.

$ source /etc/bash.bashrc 

Yanzu wannan canjin zai kasance ga kowane mai amfani lokacin da ya buɗe kowane sabon tasha.

$ echo $VAR
$ sudo su
$ echo $VAR
$ su -
$ echo $VAR

Anan, canjin iri ɗaya yana samuwa ga tushen mai amfani da kuma mai amfani na yau da kullun. Kuna iya tabbatar da wannan ta shiga cikin wani mai amfani.

b.) Idan kuna son kowane canjin yanayi ya kasance lokacin da kowane mai amfani akan injin ku ya shiga daga nesa, amma ba akan buɗe kowane sabon tasha akan injin gida ba, to kuna buƙatar gyara fayil ɗin - / sauransu/ bayanin martaba.

export VAR1='This is system-wide variable for only remote sessions'

Bayan ƙara m, kawai sake samo fayil ɗin. Sa'an nan da m zai kasance samuwa.

$ source /etc/profile
$ echo $VAR1

Don cire wannan canjin, cire layin daga fayil ɗin /etc/profile kuma sake samo shi.

c.) Duk da haka, idan kuna son ƙara kowane yanayi wanda kuke son kasancewa a duk cikin tsarin, akan duka login shiga mai nisa da kuma zaman gida (watau buɗe sabon taga tasha) ga duk masu amfani, kawai fitar da mai canzawa a ciki. /etc/fayil din mahalli.

export VAR12='I am available everywhere'

Bayan haka kawai samo fayil ɗin kuma canje-canjen zai fara aiki.

$ source /etc/environment
$ echo $VAR12
$ sudo su
$ echo $VAR12
$ exit
$ ssh localhost
$ echo $VAR12

Anan, kamar yadda muke ganin canjin yanayi yana samuwa ga mai amfani na yau da kullun, mai amfani da tushe, haka kuma akan zaman shiga mai nisa (nan, zuwa localhost).

Don share wannan m, kawai cire shigarwar a cikin fayil ɗin /etc/environment kuma sake samo shi ko sake shiga.

NOTE: Canje-canje suna tasiri lokacin da kuka samo fayil ɗin. Amma, idan ba haka ba to kuna iya buƙatar fita kuma ku sake shiga.

Kammalawa

Don haka, waɗannan ƴan hanyoyi ne da za mu iya gyara masu canjin yanayi. Idan kun sami sabbin dabaru masu ban sha'awa don iri ɗaya ku ambaci a cikin maganganunku.