Yadda ake Shigar da Amfani da yum-utils don Kula da Yum da haɓaka Ayyukansa
Ko da kuwa Fedora ya fara ɗaukar manajan fakitin yum don mai kyau a cikin sauran rarrabawar spinoff (kamar Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) da CentOS) har sai an tabbatar da amincin su kamar yum kuma mafi ƙarfi (bisa ga Fedora Project wiki, kamar yadda na Nuwamba 15, 2015, dnf har yanzu yana cikin yanayin gwaji). Don haka, ƙwarewar sarrafa yum ɗinku za ta yi muku hidima har na ɗan lokaci kaɗan.
Don haka, a cikin wannan jagorar za mu gabatar muku da yum-utils, tarin abubuwan amfani waɗanda ke haɗawa da yum don faɗaɗa fasalin asalinsa ta hanyoyi da yawa, don haka yana ƙara ƙarfi da sauƙin amfani.
Sanya yum-utils a cikin RHEL/CentOS
An haɗa Yum-utils a cikin repo tushe (wanda aka kunna ta tsohuwa) don haka shigar da shi a cikin kowane rarraba tushen Fedora yana da sauƙi kamar yin:
# yum update && yum install yum-utils
Dukkan kayan aikin yum-utils an shigar dasu ta atomatik tare da babban kunshin, wanda zamu bayyana a sashe na gaba.
Bincika Abubuwan Amfani da Kunshin yum-utils Ya Samar da su
An jera kayan aikin yum-utils a cikin shafin mutum:
# man yum-utils
Anan ga guda 10 daga cikin yum utilities da muka yi tunanin za ku yi sha'awar:
debuginfo-install sunan fakitin> idan ya faru ko yayin haɓaka aikace-aikacen da ke amfani da takamaiman fakiti.
Domin gyara kunshin (ko duk wani abin aiwatarwa), za mu kuma buƙaci shigar da gdb (mai gyara GNU) kuma muyi amfani da shi don fara shirin a cikin yanayin lalata.
Misali:
# gdb $(which postfix)
Umurnin da ke sama zai fara harsashi gdb inda za mu iya rubuta ayyukan da za a aiwatar. Alal misali, gudu (kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton da ke ƙasa) zai fara shirin, yayin da bt (ba a nuna ba) zai nuna alamar tari (wanda aka sani da backtrace) na shirin, wanda zai samar da jerin kira na aiki wanda ya haifar da wani batu a cikin aiwatar da shirin (ta yin amfani da wannan bayanin, duka masu haɓakawa da masu kula da tsarin za su iya gano abin da ba daidai ba idan ya faru).
Sauran ayyukan da ake da su da sakamakon da ake tsammanin ana jera su a cikin man gdb.
Umurnin da ke biyowa yana nuna wace ma'ajiyar fakitin da aka shigar a halin yanzu
# find-repos-of-install httpd postfix dovecot
Idan an gudu ba tare da gardama ba, sami-repos-of-install zai dawo da duk jerin fakitin da aka shigar a halin yanzu.
share fakiti yana sarrafa tsaftace fakiti, kwafi, fakitin marayu (shirye-shiryen da aka girka daga wani tushe banda wuraren da aka tsara a halin yanzu) da sauran rashin daidaiton dogaro, gami da cire tsoffin kernels kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin misali mai zuwa:
# package-cleanup --orphans # package-cleanup --oldkernels
Ba dole ba ne ka damu game da umarni na ƙarshe yana lalata kernel ɗinka. Kawai zai shafi tsoffin fakitin kwaya (sifukan da suka girmi na yanzu) waɗanda ba a buƙatar su kuma.
repo-graph yana dawo da cikakken jerin abubuwan dogaro na fakiti a tsarin dige-dige don duk fakitin da ke samuwa daga wuraren da aka tsara. A madadin, repo-graph na iya dawo da wannan bayanin ta wurin ajiya idan aka yi amfani da shi tare da zaɓin --repoid=.
Misali, bari mu duba abubuwan dogaro ga kowane fakiti a cikin ma'ajiyar sabuntawa:
# repo-graph --repoid=updates | less
A cikin umarnin da ke sama muna aika fitarwa na repo-graph zuwa ƙasa don sauƙin gani, amma kuna iya sake tura shi zuwa fayil ɗin gida don dubawa na gaba:
# repo-graph --repoid=updates > updates-dependencies.txt
A kowane hali, zamu iya ganin cewa kunshin iputils ya dogara da systemd da openssl-libs.
repoclosure yana karanta metadata na ma'ajin da aka tsara, yana bincika abubuwan da suka dogara da fakitin da aka haɗa a cikinsu kuma suna nuna jerin abubuwan dogaro da ba a warware ba na kowane fakiti:
# repoclosure
repomanage queries a directory tare da rpm kunshin da kuma mayar da jerin sababbin ko tsofaffin fakiti a cikin kundin adireshi. Wannan kayan aikin na iya zuwa da amfani idan kuna da kundin adireshi inda kuka adana fakitin .rpm da yawa na shirye-shirye daban-daban.
Lokacin da aka aiwatar ba tare da gardama ba, repomanage yana dawo da sabbin fakitin. Idan an gudanar da tutar -------- , zai dawo da tsoffin fakiti:
# ls -l # cd rpms # ls -l rpms # repomanage rpms
Da fatan za a lura cewa canza sunan fakitin rpm BA zai shafi yadda aikin sakewa ke aiki ba.
repoquery queries yum repositories kuma yana samun ƙarin bayani akan fakiti, ko an shigar dasu ko a'a (dogara, fayilolin da aka haɗa a cikin kunshin, da ƙari).
Misali, a halin yanzu ba a shigar da htop (Linux Process Monitoring) akan wannan tsarin, kamar yadda kuke gani a kasa:
# which htop # rpm -qa | grep htop
Yanzu a ce muna so mu lissafa abubuwan dogaro na htop, tare da fayilolin da aka haɗa a cikin tsoho shigarwa. Don yin haka, aiwatar da umarni biyu masu zuwa, bi da bi:
# repoquery --requires htop # repoquery --list htop
yum-debug-dump yana ba ku damar zubar da cikakken jerin duk fakitin da kuka shigar, duk fakitin da ke akwai a cikin kowane ma'ajiya, tsari mai mahimmanci da bayanan tsarin cikin fayil ɗin zipped.
Wannan na iya zuwa da amfani idan kuna son gyara matsalar da ta faru. Don dacewarmu, yum-debug-dump suna sunan fayil ɗin azaman yum_debug_dump-
# yum-debug-dump
Kamar kowane fayil ɗin rubutu da aka matsa, zamu iya duba abinda ke ciki ta amfani da umarnin zless:
# zless yum_debug_dump-mail.linuxnewz.com-2015-11-27_08:34:01.txt.gz
Idan kuna buƙatar dawo da bayanan sanyi da yum-debug-dump ya bayar, zaku iya amfani da yum-debug-restore don yin haka:
# yum-debug-restore yum_debug_dump-mail.linuxnewz.com-2015-11-27_08:34:01.txt.gz
yumdownloader yana zazzage tushen fayilolin RPM daga wuraren ajiya, gami da abubuwan dogaro. Yana da amfani don ƙirƙirar ma'ajiyar cibiyar sadarwa don samun dama daga wasu injina tare da ƙuntataccen damar Intanet.
Yumdownloader yana ba ku damar sauke RPMs na binary kawai amma har da waɗanda suke (idan aka yi amfani da su tare da zaɓin --source).
Misali, bari mu ƙirƙiri adireshi mai suna htop-files inda za mu adana RPM(s) da ake buƙata don shigar da shirin ta amfani da rpm. Don yin haka, muna buƙatar amfani da canjin --resolve tare da yumdownloader:
# mkdir htop-files # cd htop-files # yumdownloader --resolve htop # rpm -Uvh
reposync yana da alaƙa da yumdownloader (a zahiri, suna tallafawa kusan zaɓuɓɓuka iri ɗaya) amma suna ba da fa'ida mai yawa. Maimakon zazzage binary ko tushen fayilolin RPM, yana daidaita ma'ajiyar nisa zuwa kundin adireshin gida.
Bari mu daidaita sanannen ma'ajiyar EPEL zuwa babban kundin adireshi da ake kira epel-local a cikin kundin adireshin aiki na yanzu:
# man reposync # mkdir epel-local # reposync --repoid=epel --download_path=epel-local
Lura cewa wannan tsari zai ɗauki ɗan lokaci kaɗan yayin da yake zazzage fakitin 8867:
Da zarar an gama aiki tare, bari mu bincika adadin sararin faifai da sabon madubin mu da aka ƙirƙiro na ma'ajiyar EPEL ke amfani da shi ta amfani da umarnin du:
# du -sch epel-local/*
Yanzu ya rage naku idan kuna son kiyaye wannan madubin EPEL ko amfani da shi don shigar da fakiti maimakon amfani da na nesa. A cikin yanayin farko, da fatan za a tuna cewa kuna buƙatar gyara /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo daidai da haka.
yum-complete-transaction wani bangare ne na shirin yum-utils wanda ke kama mu'amalar yum da ba a gama ba ko kuma ba a gama ba a kan tsarin kuma yana ƙoƙarin kammala su.
Misali, idan muka sabunta sabobin Linux ta hanyar sarrafa kunshin yum wani lokacin yana jefa sakon gargadi wanda ya karanta kamar haka:
Akwai sauran ma'amaloli da ba a gama ba. Kuna iya yin la'akari da fara aiwatar da yum-cikakken ciniki don gama su.
Don gyara irin waɗannan saƙonnin faɗakarwa da warware irin wannan batun, yum-cikakken-ma'amala umurnin ya zo cikin hoto don kammala ma'amalar da ba a gama ba, ya gano waɗanda ba su cika ba ko kuma soke ma'amalar yum a cikin ma'amala-duk * da ma'amala-yi * fayilolin da za a iya samu a/var/lib/yum directory.
Gudun yum-cikakken-ma'amala don kammala cinikin yum da bai cika ba:
# yum-complete-transaction --cleanup-only
Yanzu yum umarni zai gudana ba tare da cikakkun gargadin ciniki ba.
# yum update
Note: Wannan tip din daya daga cikin masu karatunmu na yau da kullun Mista Tomas ne ya bada shawarar a sashin sharhi anan.
Takaitawa
A cikin wannan labarin mun rufe wasu abubuwan amfani masu amfani waɗanda aka samar ta yum-utils. Don cikakken jeri, kuna iya komawa zuwa shafin mutum (man yum-utils).
Bugu da ƙari, kowane ɗayan waɗannan kayan aikin yana da shafin mutum daban (duba man reposync, alal misali), wanda shine farkon tushen takaddun da yakamata ku koma idan kuna son ƙarin koyo game da su.
Idan kun ɗauki minti ɗaya don duba shafin mutum na yum-utils, wataƙila za ku sami wani kayan aiki da kuke so mu yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin wani labarin dabam. Idan haka ne, ko kuma idan kuna da tambayoyi, sharhi, ko shawarwari akan wannan labarin, jin daɗin sanar da mu wanne ta hanyar jefa mana bayanin kula ta amfani da fom ɗin sharhi da ke ƙasa.