LFCA: Fahimtar Linux Operating System - Sashe na 1

Gidauniyar Linux ta gabatar da sabon takaddun takamaiman IT wanda aka fi sani da Linux Foundation Certified IT Associate (LFCA). Wannan sabon takaddun takaddun shaida ne wanda ke mai da hankali kan gwada mahimman abubuwan IT kamar umarni na tsarin mulki, lissafin girgije, tsaro, da DevOps.

LFCA: Bayani & Shafin Farko

Anan akwai taƙaitaccen ƙwarewa da yankuna waɗanda LFCA za ta nema don gwadawa:

Linux Operating System - Sashe na 1
Dokokin Gudanar da Fayil - Sashe na 2
Dokokin Tsarin Linux - Sashe na 3
Babban Umarnin Sadarwar - Sashe na 4

Gudanar da Mai Amfani da Linux - Sashe na 5
Sarrafa Lokaci da Kwanan wata a cikin Linux - Sashe na 6
Sarrafa Software a cikin Linux - Sashe na 7
Kula da Lissafin Mahimmanci na Linux - Sashe na 8
Sadarwar Sadarwar Linux - Sashe na 9
Binaryar Linux da Lambobin Goma - Sashi na 10
LFCA: Koyi Azuzuwan Hanyar Adireshin IP na Hanyar Sadarwa - Sashe na 11
LFCA: Koyi Matsalar Shirya Matsala Ta Hanyar Sadarwa - Sashe na 12

Koyi Mahimman Bayani na putididdigar Cloud - Sashe na 13
Koyi Samuwar Gizagizai, Ayyuka, da Scalability - Sashe na 14
LFCA: Koyi putididdigar Mara Komai, Fa'idodi da Balaguro - Sashe na 15
LFCA: Koyi Kuɗi na Budasa da Kasafin Kuɗi - Sashe na 16

Tukwici na Tsaro don Kare Tsarin Linux - Sashe na 17
Amfani mai Amfani don Amintaccen Bayanai da Linux - Sashe na 18
Yadda Ake Inganta Tsaron Yanar Gizo na Linux - Sashe na 19

LFCA takaddun shaida

Takaddun shaida na LFCA yana ba da ilimi na asali game da tsari na yau da kullun da umarnin sarrafa fayil, umarnin cibiyar sadarwar & gyara matsala, ƙididdigar lissafin girgije, ƙididdigar girgije, tsaro bayanai wanda ya haɗa da tsarin da tsaro na cibiyar sadarwa, da kuma tushen DevOps.

Da zarar kun sami kyakkyawar ra'ayoyi game da mahimman bayanai kuma ku ci jarrabawar LFCA, zaku iya sa ran farawa tare da LFCE (Injiniyan Injiniya na Gidauniyar Linux).

Jarabawar LFCA jarrabawa ce mai zaɓi da yawa kuma tana kashe $200. Ana gudanar da shi ta yanar gizo tare da mai ba da izini mai nisa yana saka muku ido ta kyamaran yanar gizo a duk lokacin zaman. Bayan wucewa gwajin, za a ba ku lambar LFCA da takaddun shaida wanda ya dace da shekaru 3.

Muhimmin Linux

A cikin wannan ɓangaren budurwa, zamu rufe surori masu zuwa:

Linux Operating System - Sashe na 1
Dokokin Gudanar da Fayil - Sashe na 2
Dokokin Tsarin Linux - Sashe na 3
Babban Umarnin Sadarwar - Sashe na 4

Ba tare da bata lokaci ba, bari mu yi tsalle zuwa ciki.

Wannan labarin shine Sashi na 1 na jerin LFCA, wanda zai rufe yankuna da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don gwajin takaddun shaida na LFCA.

Fahimtar Linux Operating System

Yayin da muke farawa, muna ɗauka cewa wataƙila kun yi ma'amala da Windows ko macOS ko kuma duka biyun yayin aiwatar da ayyukanku na ƙididdigar yau da kullun. Dukansu tsarin aiki ne kuma suna ba ka damar yin hulɗa tare da kayan aikin komputa da kayan aikin komputa da gudanar da ayyuka da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da yin bincike, wasanni, kiɗa da bidiyo, da ci gaban software don ambaton kawai amma kaɗan.

Windows shine tsarin aiki na yau da kullun kuma yana haɓaka babbar kasuwar tsakanin masu amfani da tebur. Abu ne mai sauƙin amfani da koyo kuma galibi ƙofa ce ga masu koyo suna ɗaukar matakan jarirai wajen koyon yadda ake hulɗa da kwamfutoci.

Duk da saukin amfani da tallafi ga kayan aikin kayan masarufi masu yawa, Windows tana da rabonta na dacewa. Da fari dai, Windows tsarin aiki ne na kamfani daga Microsoft, kuma yawancin aikace-aikacen software kamar su Microsoft Office suite ana biyan su. Wannan yana kulle da yawa waɗanda basu da ikon kuɗi don mallakar lasisi don samfurin.

Hakanan ya kasance gaskiya ne ga macOS na Apple wanda, duk da kyan gani da tsaro abin yabawa, ya zo da farashi mai tsada a haɗe. A zahiri, wasu aikace-aikace na AppStore yawanci ana biyan su. Sau da yawa masu amfani suna yanke hukunci game da biyan kuɗaɗen rajista don aikace-aikacen da in ba haka ba zai zama kyauta akan sauran dandamali.

Bugu da ƙari, Windows ba shi da karko kuma sau da yawa yana iya fuskantar barazanar malware kamar ƙwayoyin cuta da trojans. Kuna iya kashe ɗaruruwan daloli don tabbatar da shirye-shiryen Antivirus mai ƙarfi don kiyaye hare-hare da ɓarna ko raba tare da dukiyar da za ta biya ƙwararren mai bincike don gano cutar da cire ta.

Kari kan haka, aikace-aikacen facin tsaro da sabunta fasali galibi dogon lokaci ne. A mafi yawan lokuta, sabunta tsarinka na iya wucewa a ko'ina tsakanin mintuna talatin zuwa awa gwargwadon girman sabuntawa, kuma wannan yakan faru ne ta hanyar jerin abubuwan sake kunnawa.

Linux, kamar Windows da macOS duk wani tsarin aiki ne wanda ya mamaye masana'antar IT da hadari. Linux tana ko'ina kuma dubban masu amfani suna amfani dashi a kullun.

Shahararren tsarin aiki na Android wanda ke iko da miliyoyin wayoyi masu wayo ya dogara ne da kwayar Linux. Linux ɗin da kuka fi so ko TV mai kaifin baki a cikin gidan ku ta kasance Linux. Mafi mahimmanci, Linux shine babban tsari akan intanet, yana ɗaukar kaso mai tsoka a cikin dandamali na tallata yanar gizo da kuma sabobin intanet. Kusan 90% na gajimare na jama'a da kuma 99% na kasuwar kasuwa mai kwakwalwa ana tallafawa Linux.

Don haka, ta yaya Linux ya samo asali?

A wannan lokacin, zai zama mai kyau idan muka koma baya kuma muka dan hango asalin tsarin aiki da aka fi amfani da shi.

Tarihin Linux ya faro ne daga shekarun 1960 a AT & T Bell Labs inda Dennis Ritchie - mahaifin harshen shirye-shiryen C & KenThompson - masanin kimiyyar Kwamfuta na Amurka - tare da sauran masu haɓaka suna aiki akan aikin Multics. Multics ya kasance tsarin aiki wanda ke ba da babbar komputa tsarin aiki.

Masanan kimiyya biyu suna neman gina mai amfani da yawa, aiki da yawa tare da tsarin fayil mai tsari. Da farko, Multics aikin bincike ne amma da sauri ya zama samfurin kasuwanci. Ba su gamsu da alkiblar da Multics ke yi ba, masu jagorantar jagora biyu sun tsara nasu kwasa-kwasan kuma suka yunkuro don samar da wani tsarin wanda ya danganci Multics mai suna UNICS, wanda daga baya ya koma UNIX.

A cikin shekarun 1970s da 80s, UNIX ya zama sananne sosai, musamman a cikin da'irorin Ilimi. Wannan ya ga karbuwarsa daga cibiyoyi da yawa, daga cikinsu Jami'ar Berkley California wacce daga baya ta canza yanayin ta. Masu haɓaka a Jami'ar sun ci gaba da aiki a kan lambar UNIX kuma sun zo tare da BSD, gajeriyar ma'anar Berkeley Software Development. BSD daga baya tayi wahayi zuwa tsarin aiki da yawa, wasu kuma ana amfani dasu har yau kamar FreeBSD da NetBSD.

A cikin Bells Labs, ci gaba da bincike da ci gaba akan UNIX ya ci gaba, yana haifar da wasu nau'ikan UNIX waɗanda daga baya masu talla na kasuwanci suka karɓi su. Koyaya, BSD ta shahara sosai fiye da bambancin kasuwanci daga Wuraren Labs.

A halin yanzu, a cikin 1991, Linus Torvalds, ɗan digiri na Finnish, yana aiki a kan wani nau'i na UNIX wanda ake kira MINIX amma ya yi baƙin ciki a cikin lasisin lasisin aikin. A wata wasika da ya aike wa kungiyar masu amfani da shi ta MINIX, ya sanar da cewa yana aiki a kan wata sabuwar kwaya wacce daga baya aka sanya wa suna Linux kernel. Ya yi amfani da lambar GNU, tare da mai haɗa GNU da bas don ƙirƙirar kwayar Linux ta farko wacce za a iya amfani da ita wacce daga baya aka ba ta lasisi a ƙarƙashin samfurin GNU/GPL.

Kernel na Linux ya kafa matakin ci gaban ɗaruruwan rarraba Linux ko dandano. Kuna iya samun cikakken hango na mashahurin rarraba Linux a ɓoyewa.

Linux tsarin bude-source ne. Menene ma'anar wannan? Da kyau, yana nuna cewa zaku iya duba lambar tushe ta Linux, gyaggyara shi kuma sake rarraba shi kyauta kyauta. Userswararrun masu amfani kamar masu haɓaka suma suna iya ba da gudummawa ga lambar don inganta ta da mafi ban sha'awa.

Saboda wannan dalili, akwai ɗaruruwan rarraba Linux tare da tsarin sarrafa kunshin daban-daban, aikace-aikacen software, da roƙon gani. Rarraba Linux, wanda aka fi sani da suna distro, sigar tsarin aikin Linux ne wanda ya zo tare da shirye-shirye, dakunan karatu, kayan aikin gudanarwa, da sauran ƙarin software. Duk rarrabawa an samo su ne daga kwayar Linux.

Kyakkyawan adadi na RHEL - Red Hat Enterprise Linux - suna buƙatar biyan kuɗi don tallafi, tsaro, da ɗaukaka abubuwa.

Akwai manyan dangi guda 4 na rarraba Linux:

Tsarin dangin Debian (misali Ubuntu, Mint, Elementary & Zorin).
Fedora tsarin iyali (misali CentOS, Red Hat 7 & Fedora).
SUSE tsarin iyali (misali OpenSUSE & SLES).
Tsarin baka (misali Arch, Manjaro, ArchLabs, & ArcoLinux).

Wasu daga cikin mashahuri da rarrabawar Linux sosai sun haɗa da:

Ubuntu
Debian
Linux Mint
Fedora
Deepin
Manjaro Linux
MX Linux
Elementary OS
CentOS
OpenSUSE

Rarraba-abokantaka masu rarrabawa waɗanda aka ba da shawarar sosai ga sababbin shiga cikin Linux sun haɗa da Ubuntu, Mint, Zorin OS, da Elementary OS. Wannan ya fi yawa saboda ƙawancensu-da abokantaka, masu sauƙi da tsarke UIs, da kuma keɓancewa mai girma.

Wasu dandano irin su Zorin OS suna kama da Windows 10 wanda ya sa suka zama cikakke ga masu amfani da Windows waɗanda ke canzawa zuwa Linux. Sauran kamar su Elementary OS suna kwaikwayon macOS a hankali tare da menu na sanya hannu.

Ga masu amfani matsakaici ko waɗanda ke da kyakkyawar fahimtar Linux, CentOS, Debian da Fedora zasu wadatar. Masu amfani da ƙwarewa waɗanda suka san abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin tsarin Linux, gabaɗaya za su kasance da jin daɗin aiki akan tsarin Linux mai Arch da Gentoo.

Kowane rarrabuwa na Linux yana da banbanci ta yadda yake dangane da yanayin muhallin tebur ko Tsarin Mai amfani da Mai Shafi (GUI) da aikace-aikacen tsoho. Koyaya, yawancin zasu aika aikace-aikacen daga cikin akwatin kamar su LibreOffice suite, Thunderbird mail abokin ciniki, GIMP editan hoto, da aikace-aikacen multimedia don farawa.

Rarraba Linux da ake amfani dasu ko'ina cikin yanayin uwar garken sun haɗa da:

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)
SUSE Server na Kamfanin Ciniki na Linux (SLES)
Ubuntu uwar garken
Debian

Linux ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwan da ke gaba.

Tushen kowane tsarin Linux shine kwayar Linux. An rubuta shi a cikin C, kwaya yana musayar abubuwan haɗin kayan haɗin tare da mahimmin software da shirye-shirye. Kernel yana sarrafa ayyukan gudana kuma yana tantance waɗanne ne zasu yi amfani da CPU da kuma wane tsawan lokaci. Hakanan yana ƙayyade adadin ƙwaƙwalwar da kowane tsari yake samu. Allyari, yana sarrafa direbobin na'urar kuma yana karɓar buƙatun sabis daga tsarin tafiyarwa.

Bootloader shine shirin da ke kula da aiwatar da booting a cikin tsarin Linux. Yana ɗaukar tsarin aiki daga rumbun kwamfutar zuwa babbar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Bootloader ba takamaiman Linux kawai ba. Yana nan a cikin Windows da macOS kuma. A cikin Linux, ana kiran bootloader a matsayin GRUB. Sabon salo shine GRUB2 wanda ake amfani dashi ta hanyar rarraba tsarin.

Init, wani ɗan gajeren tsari ne na ƙaddamarwa, shine tsari na farko wanda ke gudana da zarar an kunna tsarin aiki. An ba shi ID na tsari (PID) na 1 kuma yana haifar da duk sauran hanyoyin cikin tsarin Linux gami da daemons da sauran matakai na yau da kullun da ayyuka. Don haka an tsarkake shi a matsayin uwar dukkanin matakai. Init yana gudana a bango har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe tsarin.

Tsarin Init na farko ya haɗa da System V Init (SysV) da Upstart. Wadannan an maye gurbinsu da tsarin tsari cikin tsarin zamani.

Daemons sune matakai waɗanda suke gudana a hankali a bango daga lokacin da tsarin ya tashi. Mai amfani zai iya sarrafawa ɗannan a kan layin umarni. Za a iya dakatar da su, sake farawa, kashe su, ko kunna su a lokacin taya. Misalan daemons sun hada da sshd wanda shine SSH daemon wanda ke sarrafa haɗin SSH mai nisa da ntpd wanda ke kula da aiki tare lokaci akan sabobin.

Kwandon Linux shine tsarin layin umarni, an taƙaita shi da CLI, inda ake aiwatar da umarni ko kira don aiwatarwa da sarrafa kansa ayyukan gudanarwa. Mashahuran bawo sun haɗa da kwasfa na bash (bash) da Z shell (zsh).

Yanayin tebur shine abin da mai amfani yake amfani dashi don ma'amala da tsarin Linux. Yana bayar da GUI (mai amfani da hoto) wanda aka samar dashi ta hanyar software ta windows windows. Tsarin windows na X (X11, wanda kuma ake kira da X) tsari ne wanda ke ba da tsarin nuni ko GUI kuma yana ƙayyade yadda masu amfani ke mu'amala da windows, madannin kwamfuta, linzamin kwamfuta, da maɓallin taɓawa.

Yankunan tebur na yau da kullun sun haɗa da GNOME, MATE, XFCE, LXDE, Enlightenment, Kirfa, Budgie, da KDE Plasma. Manajan tebur suna jigilar abubuwa masu zane kamar manajan fayil, widget din tebur, fuskar bangon waya, gumaka, da sauran abubuwan zane.

Yanayin tebur yana ba ku kawai aikace-aikacen asali don farawa. Kamar Windows ko macOS, zaku iya girka aikace-aikace don amfanin yau da kullun. Wadannan sun hada da aikace-aikace kamar su Google Chrome, VLC media player, Skype, LibreOffice suite, DropBox, GIMP editan hoto, da sauransu. Wasu rarrabawa suna aikawa tare da Cibiyar software ta kansu wanda ke aiki azaman kantin sayarwa daga inda zaku iya sauke aikace-aikacen da kuke buƙata.

A wannan gaba, ya zama bayyananne dalilin da ya sa Linux ƙaunataccen tsarin aiki ne ga yawancin masu amfani da kamfanoni. Bari mu taƙaita wasu fa'idodi na amfani da Linux.

Kamar yadda aka nuna a baya, Linux babbar hanya ce. Userswararrun masu amfani zasu iya duba lambar, gyaggyara shi ba tare da wani ƙuntatawa ga kowane irin dalili suke so ba, kuma su raba shi ga jama'a. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin rarraba - ban da kaɗan - kyauta ne don zazzagewa da amfani ba tare da biyan lasisi ba.

Windows na mallakar ta ne kuma wasu samfuranta suna da tsada sosai. A halin yanzu, farashin ɗakin Microsoft Office yana $430. Lasisin lasisin Windows Server 2019 yana zuwa kusan $6,000. macOS yayi tsada daidai kuma ana biyan kyawawan aikace-aikace daga shagon App ta hanyar biyan kuɗi.

Aya daga cikin manyan fa'idodi da Linux ke baiwa masu amfani da shi shine ikon iya tsara kusan kowane ɓangaren abubuwan da suke so. Kuna iya gyara yanayin-kallo har da fuskar bangon waya, hoton baya, tsarin launi, bayyanar alama, da sauransu don haɓaka bayyanar su.

Tsarin Linux suna da kyakkyawan darajan kwanciyar hankali da tsaro. Linux ba ta da saukin kamuwa da kai hare-hare kuma ba ku da yiwuwar fadawa cikin malware kamar ƙwayoyin cuta da trojans idan kuna sabunta tsarinku koyaushe.

Godiya ga tsaro da kwanciyar hankali, Linux shine zaɓin zaɓin don yanayin uwar garke a cikin yanar gizon yanar gizon, bayanan bayanai, da aikace-aikace. 'Yan umarni ne kawai za su iya amfani da su gaba daya tare da sauran kayan aikin kamar rumbun adana bayanai da kayan aikin rubutu. Misalin misali shine sanannen uwar garken LAMP wanda shine tarin sabar gidan yanar gizo na Apache, MySQL database, da kuma harshen rubutun PHP.

Tare da kwanciyar hankali da Linux ke samarwa, da wuya za ku taɓa buƙatar sake yi wa sabarku ba sai dai lokacin da kuke buƙatar aiwatar da haɓaka kernel. Wannan yana tabbatar da matsakaicin lokacin aiki na sabobin da kuma wadatar da yawa.

Yawancin rarraba Linux suna da ƙarfin aiki akan PC tare da ƙananan tsarin bayanai kamar CPU da RAM. A zahiri, zaku iya rayar da wasu tsoffin Kwamfutocin ta hanyar girka wasu kayan rarraba Linux masu sauƙi kamar Linux Lite, Puppy Linux, da AntiX.

Wasu na iya aiki a kan tsarin da 1GB na RAM kawai, 512 MHZ CPU, da 5GB rumbun kwamfutarka. Abinda yafi birgewa shine koda zaka iya gudanar da wadannan rarrabuwa daga sandar Live USB kuma har yanzu kana samun wasu ayyukan.

Manyan rabarwar Linux kamar Debian da Ubuntu sun dauki bakuncin dubunnan kayan komputa a rumbun su. Ubuntu kadai yana alfahari da fakiti 47,000. Kuna iya shigar da aikace-aikace ta sauƙi ta hanyar kunna commandsan umarni a kan tashar ko amfani da Cibiyoyin App waɗanda suka zo cikin abubuwan rarraba.

Hakanan, zaku iya samun aikace-aikace iri-iri waɗanda suke aiwatar da ayyuka kamar irin su sarrafa kalma, raba fayil, sauti/bidiyo mai kunna hoto-zane, zane-zane da ƙari mai yawa. Ana lalata ku kawai don zaɓi kuma zaku iya zaɓar aikace-aikace iri-iri don aiwatar da aiki.

Ingantaccen tsarin aiki na Linux yana haɓaka kuma yana haɓaka ta ƙungiya mai haɓakawa masu haɓakawa waɗanda ba tare da gajiyawa ba aiki ba dare ba rana don tabbatar da cewa kun sami mafi kyawun hanyar aikace-aikacen software, sabuntawar tsaro, da gyaran kwaro.

Manyan hargitsi irin su Ubuntu da Debian suna da babbar ƙungiyar masu haɓakawa da tarin zaurukan tattaunawa waɗanda ke ba da taimako da jagora ga masu amfani musamman lokacin da suka gamu da matsaloli ko ƙalubale a kan hanya.

Wancan shine kallon tsuntsaye game da tsarin aiki na Linux da kuma matsayin sa a cikin yanayin sarrafa lissafi koyaushe. Gaskiya ne, Linux yana ko'ina kuma ya sanya alama mara kyau a cikin duniyar fasaha mai sauri da muke rayuwa a ciki. Don haka, samun ƙwarewar Linux na yau da kullun yana da mahimmanci ga duk wani ƙwararren masanin IT da ke fatan ɗaga tsani a cikin sana'ar IT mai gasa.

Koyon Linux zai buɗe ƙofofi zuwa wasu manyan fannonin IT kamar su DevOps, cybersecurity, da Cloudididdigar Cloud. A cikin batutuwanmu na gaba, zamu maida hankali kan dokokin Linux na yau da kullun waɗanda kuke buƙatar samun su a yatsanku yayin da muke tafiya tare.