Umarni 10 don Tattara Tsarin da Bayanin Hardware a cikin Linux


Abu ne mai kyau koyaushe sanin abubuwan kayan aikin na tsarin Linux ɗinku suna gudana, wannan yana taimaka muku magance matsalolin daidaitawa yayin shigar da fakiti, direbobi akan tsarin ku ta amfani da dacewa.

Don haka a cikin waɗannan umarni masu amfani waɗanda za su iya taimaka muku fitar da bayanai game da tsarin Linux ɗinku da kayan aikin ku.

1. Yadda ake Duba Bayanan Tsarin Linux

Don sanin sunan tsarin kawai, zaku iya amfani da umarnin rashin suna ba tare da wani canji da zai buga bayanan tsarin ba ko kuma uname -s umurnin zai buga sunan kernel na tsarin ku.

[email  ~ $ uname

Linux

Don duba sunan mai masaukin cibiyar sadarwar ku, yi amfani da maɓallin '-n' tare da umarnin rashin suna kamar yadda aka nuna.

[email  ~ $ uname -n

linux-console.net

Don samun bayani game da sigar kernel, yi amfani da maɓallin '-v'.

[email  ~ $ uname -v

#64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014

Don samun bayanin game da sakin kernel ɗinku, yi amfani da maɓallin '-r'.

[email  ~ $ uname -r

3.13.0-37-generic

Don buga sunan kayan aikin injin ku, yi amfani da maɓallin '-m':

[email  ~ $ uname -m

x86_64

Duk waɗannan bayanan za a iya buga su a lokaci ɗaya ta hanyar aiwatar da umarnin 'uname -a' kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.

[email  ~ $ uname -a

Linux linux-console.net 3.13.0-37-generic #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38
UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

2. Yadda ake Duba Bayanin Hardware System Linux

Anan zaku iya amfani da kayan aikin lshw don tattara bayanai masu yawa game da kayan aikinku kamar cpu, disks, memory, usb controllers, da sauransu.

lshw ƙaramin kayan aiki ne kuma akwai ƴan zaɓuɓɓuka waɗanda zaku iya amfani dasu yayin fitar da bayanai. An tattara bayanan da lshw ya bayar daga fayilolin /proc daban-daban.

Lura: Ka tuna cewa babban mai amfani (tushen) ko mai amfani sudo ne ke aiwatar da umarnin lshw.

Don buga bayanai game da kayan aikin tsarin Linux ɗin ku, gudanar da wannan umarni.

[email  ~ $ sudo lshw

linux-console.net               
    description: Notebook
    product: 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70)
    vendor: LENOVO
    version: Lenovo Z50-70
    serial: 1037407803441
    width: 64 bits
    capabilities: smbios-2.7 dmi-2.7 vsyscall32
    configuration: administrator_password=disabled boot=normal 
    chassis=notebook family=IDEAPAD frontpanel_password=disabled 
    keyboard_password=disabled power-on_password=disabled 
    sku=LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70 
    uuid=E4B1D229-D237-E411-9F6E-28D244EBBD98
  *-core
       description: Motherboard
       product: Lancer 5A5
       vendor: LENOVO
       physical id: 0
       version: 31900059WIN
       serial: YB06377069
       slot: Type2 - Board Chassis Location
     *-firmware
          description: BIOS
          vendor: LENOVO
          physical id: 0
          version: 9BCN26WW
          date: 07/31/2014
          size: 128KiB
          capacity: 4032KiB
          capabilities: pci upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect edd  
          int13floppytoshiba int13floppy360 int13floppy1200 int13floppy720 
int13floppy2880 int9keyboard int10video acpi usb biosbootspecification uefi
......

Kuna iya buga taƙaitaccen bayanin kayan aikinku ta amfani da zaɓi -short.

[email  ~ $ sudo lshw -short

H/W path       Device      Class          Description
=====================================================
                           system         20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_
                                          BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70)
/0                         bus            Lancer 5A5
/0/0                       memory         128KiB BIOS
/0/4                       processor      Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4210U 
                                          CPU @ 1.70GHz
/0/4/b                     memory         32KiB L1 cache
/0/4/c                     memory         256KiB L2 cache
/0/4/d                     memory         3MiB L3 cache
/0/a                       memory         32KiB L1 cache
/0/12                      memory         8GiB System Memory
/0/12/0                    memory         DIMM [empty]
/0/12/1                    memory         DIMM [empty]
/0/12/2                    memory         8GiB SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 
                                          1600 MHz (0.6 ns)
/0/12/3                    memory         DIMM [empty]
/0/100                     bridge         Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller
/0/100/2                   display        Haswell-ULT Integrated 
                                          Graphics Controller
/0/100/3                   multimedia     Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller
...

Idan kuna son samar da fitarwa azaman fayil ɗin html, zaku iya amfani da zaɓi -html.

[email  ~ $ sudo lshw -html > lshw.html

3. Yadda ake Duba bayanan CPU na Linux

Don duba bayani game da CPU ɗinku, yi amfani da umarnin lscpu kamar yadda yake nuna bayanai game da gine-ginen CPU ɗinku kamar adadin CPUs, cores, ƙirar iyali na CPU, cache CPU, zaren, da sauransu daga sysfs da /proc/cpuinfo.

[email  ~ $ lscpu

Architecture:          x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                4
On-line CPU(s) list:   0-3
Thread(s) per core:    2
Core(s) per socket:    2
Socket(s):             1
NUMA node(s):          1
Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel
CPU family:            6
Model:                 69
Stepping:              1
CPU MHz:               768.000
BogoMIPS:              4788.72
Virtualization:        VT-x
L1d cache:             32K
L1i cache:             32K
L2 cache:              256K
L3 cache:              3072K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0-3

4. Yadda ake Tattara Bayanin Na'urar Linux Block

Block na'urorin na'urorin ajiya ne kamar su hard disks, flash drives, da dai sauransu. Ana amfani da umarnin lsblk don ba da rahoton bayanai game da na'urorin toshe kamar haka.

[email  ~ $ lsblk

NAME    MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda       8:0    0 931.5G  0 disk 
├─sda1    8:1    0  1000M  0 part 
├─sda2    8:2    0   260M  0 part /boot/efi
├─sda3    8:3    0  1000M  0 part 
├─sda4    8:4    0   128M  0 part 
├─sda5    8:5    0 557.1G  0 part 
├─sda6    8:6    0    25G  0 part 
├─sda7    8:7    0  14.7G  0 part 
├─sda8    8:8    0     1M  0 part 
├─sda9    8:9    0 324.5G  0 part /
└─sda10   8:10   0   7.9G  0 part [SWAP]
sr0      11:0    1  1024M  0 rom  

Idan kana so ka duba duk block na'urorin a kan tsarin to hada da -a wani zaɓi.

[email  ~ $ lsblk -a

NAME    MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda       8:0    0 931.5G  0 disk 
├─sda1    8:1    0  1000M  0 part 
├─sda2    8:2    0   260M  0 part /boot/efi
├─sda3    8:3    0  1000M  0 part 
├─sda4    8:4    0   128M  0 part 
├─sda5    8:5    0 557.1G  0 part 
├─sda6    8:6    0    25G  0 part 
├─sda7    8:7    0  14.7G  0 part 
├─sda8    8:8    0     1M  0 part 
├─sda9    8:9    0 324.5G  0 part /
└─sda10   8:10   0   7.9G  0 part [SWAP]
sdb       8:16   1         0 disk 
sr0      11:0    1  1024M  0 rom  
ram0      1:0    0    64M  0 disk 
ram1      1:1    0    64M  0 disk 
ram2      1:2    0    64M  0 disk 
ram3      1:3    0    64M  0 disk 
ram4      1:4    0    64M  0 disk 
ram5      1:5    0    64M  0 disk 
ram6      1:6    0    64M  0 disk 
ram7      1:7    0    64M  0 disk 
ram8      1:8    0    64M  0 disk 
ram9      1:9    0    64M  0 disk 
loop0     7:0    0         0 loop 
loop1     7:1    0         0 loop 
loop2     7:2    0         0 loop 
loop3     7:3    0         0 loop 
loop4     7:4    0         0 loop 
loop5     7:5    0         0 loop 
loop6     7:6    0         0 loop 
loop7     7:7    0         0 loop 
ram10     1:10   0    64M  0 disk 
ram11     1:11   0    64M  0 disk 
ram12     1:12   0    64M  0 disk 
ram13     1:13   0    64M  0 disk 
ram14     1:14   0    64M  0 disk 
ram15     1:15   0    64M  0 disk 

5. Yadda ake Buga Bayanin Kula da USB

Ana amfani da umarnin lsusb don ba da rahoton bayanai game da masu sarrafa USB da duk na'urorin da ke da alaƙa da su.

[email  ~ $ lsusb

Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:8000 Intel Corp. 
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 005: ID 0bda:b728 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. 
Bus 002 Device 004: ID 5986:0249 Acer, Inc 
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0bda:0129 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. 
RTS5129 Card Reader Controller
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 045e:00cb Microsoft Corp. 
Basic Optical Mouse v2.0
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 
2.0 root hub

Kuna iya amfani da zaɓin -v don samar da cikakken bayani game da kowace na'urar USB.

[email  ~ $ lsusb -v

6. Yadda ake Buga Bayanan na'urorin PCI

Na'urorin PCI na iya haɗawa da tashoshin USB, katunan zane, adaftar cibiyar sadarwa, da sauransu. Ana amfani da kayan aikin lspci don samar da bayanai game da duk masu sarrafa PCI akan tsarin ku tare da na'urorin da ke da alaƙa da su.

Don buga bayanai game da na'urorin PCI gudanar da umarni mai zuwa.

[email  ~ $ lspci

00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT 
DRAM Controller (rev 0b)
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT 
Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b)
00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller
(rev 0b)
00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB xHCI HC 
(rev 04)
00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HECI #0 
(rev 04)
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HD Audio Controller 
(rev 04)
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 3 
(rev e4)
00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 4 
(rev e4)
00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 5 
(rev e4)
00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB EHCI #1 
(rev 04)
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP LPC Controller 
(rev 04)
00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SATA Controller 1 
[AHCI mode] (rev 04)
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SMBus Controller (rev 04)
01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 
PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 10)
02:00.0 Network controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. 
RTL8723BE PCIe Wireless Network Adapter
03:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GM108M [GeForce 840M] (rev a2)

Yi amfani da zaɓin -t don samar da fitarwa a cikin tsarin itace.

[email  ~ $ lspci -t

-[0000:00]-+-00.0
           +-02.0
           +-03.0
           +-14.0
           +-16.0
           +-1b.0
           +-1c.0-[01]----00.0
           +-1c.3-[02]----00.0
           +-1c.4-[03]----00.0
           +-1d.0
           +-1f.0
           +-1f.2
           \-1f.3

Yi amfani da zaɓin -v don samar da cikakkun bayanai game da kowace na'ura da aka haɗa.

[email  ~ $ lspci -v

00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b)
	Subsystem: Lenovo Device 3978
	Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0
	Capabilities: 

00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT 
Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])
	Subsystem: Lenovo Device 380d
	Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 62
	Memory at c3000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]
	Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]
	I/O ports at 6000 [size=64]
	Expansion ROM at  [disabled]
	Capabilities: 
	Kernel driver in use: i915
.....

7. Yadda ake Buga Bayanin Na'urorin SCSI

Don duba duk na'urorin ku na scsi/sata, yi amfani da umarnin lsscsi kamar haka. Idan baku shigar da kayan aikin lsscsi ba, gudanar da umarni mai zuwa don shigar da shi.

$ sudo apt-get install lsscsi        [on Debian derivatives]
# yum install lsscsi                 [On RedHat based systems]
# dnf install lsscsi                 [On Fedora 21+ Onwards]

Bayan shigarwa, gudanar da umarnin lsscsi kamar yadda aka nuna:

[email  ~ $ lsscsi

[0:0:0:0]    disk    ATA      ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3  /dev/sda 
[1:0:0:0]    cd/dvd  PLDS     DVD-RW DA8A5SH   RL61  /dev/sr0 
[4:0:0:0]    disk    Generic- xD/SD/M.S.       1.00  /dev/sdb 

Yi amfani da zaɓin -s don nuna girman na'urar.

[email  ~ $ lsscsi -s

[0:0:0:0]    disk    ATA      ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3  /dev/sda   1.00TB
[1:0:0:0]    cd/dvd  PLDS     DVD-RW DA8A5SH   RL61  /dev/sr0        -
[4:0:0:0]    disk    Generic- xD/SD/M.S.       1.00  /dev/sdb        -

8. Yadda ake Buga Bayani game da na'urorin SATA

Kuna iya samun wasu bayanai game da na'urorin sata akan tsarin ku kamar haka ta amfani da utility hdparm. A cikin misalin da ke ƙasa, na yi amfani da na'urar toshe/dev/sda1 wanda shine hard disk akan tsarina.

[email  ~ $ sudo hdparm /dev/sda1

/dev/sda1:
 multcount     =  0 (off)
 IO_support    =  1 (32-bit)
 readonly      =  0 (off)
 readahead     = 256 (on)
 geometry      = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048

Don buga bayanai game da lissafin na'urar dangane da silinda, kawunansu, sassa, girman, da farawar na'urar, yi amfani da zaɓin -g.

[email  ~ $ sudo hdparm -g /dev/sda1

/dev/sda1:
 geometry      = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048

9. Yadda ake Bincika Bayanan Tsarin Fayil na Linux

Don tattara bayanai game da ɓangarori na tsarin fayil, zaku iya amfani da gyaggyara ɓangarori na tsarin fayil, kuma ana iya amfani da shi don duba bayanai game da ɓangarori daban-daban akan tsarin fayil ɗin ku.

Kuna iya buga bayanan bangare kamar haka. Ka tuna don gudanar da umarni azaman mai amfani ko kuma ba za ka iya ganin wani fitarwa ba.

[email  ~ $ sudo fdisk -l

WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! 
The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted.


Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, 
total 1953525168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xcee8ad92

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1               1  1953525167   976762583+  ee  GPT
Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.

10. Yadda Ake Duba Bayanin Abubuwan Abubuwan Hardware na Linux

Hakanan zaka iya amfani da mai amfani dmidecode don cire bayanan hardware ta hanyar karanta bayanai daga tebur na DMI.

Don buga bayanai game da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, gudanar da wannan umarni azaman mai amfani.

[email  ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t memory

# dmidecode 2.12
# SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98
SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0005, DMI type 5, 24 bytes
Memory Controller Information
	Error Detecting Method: None
	Error Correcting Capabilities:
		None
	Supported Interleave: One-way Interleave
	Current Interleave: One-way Interleave
	Maximum Memory Module Size: 8192 MB
	Maximum Total Memory Size: 32768 MB
	Supported Speeds:
		Other
	Supported Memory Types:
		Other
	Memory Module Voltage: Unknown
	Associated Memory Slots: 4
		0x0006
		0x0007
		0x0008
		0x0009
	Enabled Error Correcting Capabilities:
		None
...

Don buga bayanai game da tsarin, gudanar da wannan umarni.

[email  ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t system

# dmidecode 2.12
# SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98
SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes
System Information
	Manufacturer: LENOVO
	Product Name: 20354
	Version: Lenovo Z50-70
	Serial Number: 1037407803441
	UUID: 29D2B1E4-37D2-11E4-9F6E-28D244EBBD98
	Wake-up Type: Power Switch
	SKU Number: LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70
	Family: IDEAPAD
...

Don buga bayanai game da BIOS, gudanar da wannan umarni.

[email  ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t bios

# dmidecode 2.12
# SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98
SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes
BIOS Information
	Vendor: LENOVO
	Version: 9BCN26WW
	Release Date: 07/31/2014
	Address: 0xE0000
	Runtime Size: 128 kB
	ROM Size: 4096 kB
	Characteristics:
		PCI is supported
		BIOS is upgradeable
		BIOS shadowing is allowed
		Boot from CD is supported
		Selectable boot is supported
		EDD is supported
		Japanese floppy for NEC 9800 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h)
		Japanese floppy for Toshiba 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h)
		5.25"/360 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
		5.25"/1.2 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
		3.5"/720 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
		3.5"/2.88 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
		8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h)
		CGA/mono video services are supported (int 10h)
		ACPI is supported
		USB legacy is supported
		BIOS boot specification is supported
		Targeted content distribution is supported
		UEFI is supported
	BIOS Revision: 0.26
	Firmware Revision: 0.26
...

Don buga bayanai game da processor, gudanar da wannan umarni.

[email  ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t processor

# dmidecode 2.12
# SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98
SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 42 bytes
Processor Information
	Socket Designation: U3E1
	Type: Central Processor
	Family: Core i5
	Manufacturer: Intel(R) Corporation
	ID: 51 06 04 00 FF FB EB BF
	Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 69, Stepping 1
	Flags:
...

Takaitawa

Akwai wasu hanyoyi da yawa da zaku iya amfani da su don samun bayanai game da abubuwan haɗin kayan aikin ku. Yawancin waɗannan umarni suna amfani da fayiloli a cikin /proc directory don cire bayanan tsarin.

Da fatan za ku sami waɗannan shawarwari da dabaru masu amfani kuma ku tuna yin sharhi idan kuna son ƙara ƙarin bayani akan wannan ko kuma idan kun fuskanci wata matsala ta amfani da kowane umarni. Ka tuna koyaushe ka ci gaba da haɗawa da Tecment.