4 Nasiha masu fa'ida akan mkdir, tar da kashe Umarni a cikin Linux


Muna ci gaba da yin aiki bisa ga al'ada har sai mun san cewa za a iya yin shi ta hanya mafi kyau ta wata hanyar. A ci gaba da Tsarin Tukwici da Dabaru na Linux, Ina nan tare da shawarwari huɗu da ke ƙasa waɗanda za su taimaka muku ta hanyoyi da yawa. Mu je zuwa!

Tsarin bishiyar directory don cimma kamar yadda aka ba da shawara a ƙasa.

$ cd /home/$USER/Desktop
$ mkdir tecmint
$ mkdir tecmint/etc
$ mkdir tecmint/lib
$ mkdir tecmint/usr
$ mkdir tecmint/bin
$ mkdir tecmint/tmp
$ mkdir tecmint/opt
$ mkdir tecmint/var
$ mkdir tecmint/etc/x1
$ mkdir tecmint/usr/x2
$ mkdir tecmint/usr/x3
$ mkdir tecmint/tmp/Y1
$ mkdir tecmint/tmp/Y2
$ mkdir tecmint/tmp/Y3
$ mkdir tecmint/tmp/Y3/z

Za'a iya cimma yanayin da ke sama kawai ta hanyar aiwatar da umarnin mai layi 1 na ƙasa.

$ mkdir -p /home/$USER/Desktop/tecmint/{etc/x1,lib,usr/{x2,x3},bin,tmp/{Y1,Y2,Y3/z},opt,var}

Don tabbatarwa kuna iya amfani da umarnin itace. Idan ba a shigar ba za ku iya dacewa ko yum kunshin 'itace'.

$ tree tecmint

Za mu iya ƙirƙirar tsarin bishiyar directory na kowane rikitarwa ta amfani da hanyar da ke sama. Ka lura ba wani abu bane illa umarni na yau da kullun amma tana amfani da {} don ƙirƙirar tsarin kundayen adireshi. Wannan na iya tabbatar da taimako sosai idan aka yi amfani da shi daga cikin rubutun harsashi lokacin da ake buƙata kuma gabaɗaya.

ABC
DEF
GHI
JKL
MNO
PQR
STU
VWX
Y
Z

Menene mai amfani na yau da kullun zai yi a cikin wannan yanayin?

a. Zai fara ƙirƙirar fayil ɗin, zai fi dacewa ta amfani da umarnin taɓawa, kamar:

$ touch /home/$USER/Desktop/test

b. Zai yi amfani da editan rubutu don buɗe fayil ɗin, wanda zai iya zama nano, vim, ko kowane edita.

$ nano /home/$USER/Desktop/test

c. Sannan zai sanya rubutun da ke sama a cikin wannan fayil ɗin, ya adana kuma ya fita.

Don haka ba tare da la'akari da lokacin da shi/ta ya ɗauka ba, yana buƙatar aƙalla matakai 3 don aiwatar da yanayin da ke sama.

Menene ƙwararren ƙwararren Linux-er zai yi? Zai buga rubutun da ke ƙasa a cikin tafiya ɗaya a kan tashar kuma duk ya yi. Kada ya yi kowane mataki dabam.

cat << EOF > /home/$USER/Desktop/test
ABC
DEF
GHI
JKL
MNO
PQR
STU
VWX
Y
Z
EOF

Kuna iya amfani da umarnin 'cat' don bincika ko an ƙirƙiri fayil ɗin da abun cikin cikin nasara ko a'a.

$ cat /home/avi/Desktop/test

Mu yawanci muna yin abubuwa biyu a cikin wannan yanayin.

a. Kwafi/Matsar da ƙwallon kwal ɗin kuma cire shi a inda aka nufa, kamar:

$ cp firefox-37.0.2.tar.bz2 /opt/
or
$ mv firefox-37.0.2.tar.bz2 /opt/

b. cd zuwa /opt/ directory.

$ cd /opt/

c. Cire Kwallon Kafa.

# tar -jxvf firefox-37.0.2.tar.bz2 

Za mu iya yin wannan ta wata hanya dabam.

Za mu fitar da Tarball inda yake da Kwafi/Matsar da bayanan da aka fitar zuwa wurin da ake buƙata kamar:

$ tar -jxvf firefox-37.0.2.tar.bz2 
$ cp -R firefox/  /opt/
or
$ mv firefox/ /opt/

A kowane hali aikin yana ɗaukar matakai biyu ko matakai don kammalawa. Kwararren na iya kammala wannan aiki a mataki ɗaya kamar:

$ tar -jxvf firefox-37.0.2.tar.bz2 -C /opt/

Zaɓin -C yana sanya tar cire kayan tarihin a cikin ƙayyadadden babban fayil (a nan/fita/).

A'a ba game da zaɓi ba ne (-C) amma game da halaye ne. Yi al'ada ta amfani da zaɓi -C tare da tar. Zai sauƙaƙa rayuwar ku. Daga yanzu kar a motsa rumbun ko kwafa/matsar da fayil ɗin da aka cire, kawai bar TAR-ball a cikin babban fayil ɗin Zazzagewa kuma cire shi a duk inda kuke so.

A galibin hanyar gabaɗaya, da farko muna jera duk tsarin ta amfani da umarni ps -A sannan mu saka bututun shi tare da grep don nemo tsari/sabis (ce apache2), a sauƙaƙe kamar:

$ ps -A | grep -i apache2
1006 ?        00:00:00 apache2
 2702 ?        00:00:00 apache2
 2703 ?        00:00:00 apache2
 2704 ?        00:00:00 apache2
 2705 ?        00:00:00 apache2
 2706 ?        00:00:00 apache2
 2707 ?        00:00:00 apache2

Fitowar da ke sama tana nuna duk ayyukan apache2 a halin yanzu tare da PIDs ɗin su, sannan zaku iya amfani da waɗannan PID don kashe apache2 tare da taimakon bin umarni.

# kill 1006 2702 2703 2704 2705 2706 2707

sannan a ƙetare bincika idan kowane tsari/sabis mai suna 'apache2' yana gudana ko a'a, kamar:

$ ps -A | grep -i apache2

Duk da haka za mu iya yin shi a cikin mafi fahimtar tsari ta amfani da kayan aiki kamar pgrep da pkill. Kuna iya samun bayanai masu dacewa game da tsari kawai ta amfani da pgrep. Ka ce dole ne ku nemo bayanan tsari don apache2, kuna iya kawai yin:

$ pgrep apache2
15396
15400
15401
15402
15403
15404
15405

Hakanan kuna iya lissafin sunan tsari akan pid ta hanyar gudu.

$ pgrep -l apache2
15396 apache2
15400 apache2
15401 apache2
15402 apache2
15403 apache2
15404 apache2
15405 apache2

Don kashe tsari ta amfani da pkill abu ne mai sauqi qwarai. Kawai ka buga sunan albarkatun don kashe kuma an gama. Na rubuta wani rubutu akan pkill wanda zaku so a duba anan: https://linux-console.net/how-to-kill-a-process-in-linux/.

Don kashe tsari (ce apache2) ta amfani da pkill, duk abin da kuke buƙatar yi shine:

# pkill apache2

Kuna iya tabbatar da idan an kashe apache2 ko a'a ta hanyar aiwatar da umarnin da ke ƙasa.

$ pgrep -l apache2

Yana dawo da hanzari kuma ya buga komai yana nufin babu wani tsari da ke gudana da sunan apache2.

Wannan ke nan a yanzu, daga gare ni. Duk abin da aka tattauna a sama bai isa ba amma tabbas zai taimaka. Ba wai kawai muna nufin samar da koyawa bane don sa ku koyi sabon abu kowane lokaci amma kuma muna son nuna 'Yadda za ku kasance da ƙwazo a cikin firam ɗaya'. Ka ba mu ra'ayin ku mai mahimmanci a cikin sharhin da ke ƙasa. Ci gaba da haɗin kai. Ci gaba da yin tsokaci.