LFCS: Haɗa ɓangarorin azaman Na'urorin RAID - Ƙirƙirar & Sarrafar Ajiyayyen Tsarin - Sashe na 6

Kwanan nan, Linux Foundation ya ƙaddamar da takaddun shaida na LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), dama mai haske ga masu gudanar da tsarin a ko'ina don nunawa, ta hanyar jarrabawar aiki, cewa suna da ikon yin cikakken goyon bayan aiki akan tsarin Linux: goyon bayan tsarin, na farko. -binciken matakin bincike da saka idanu, da haɓaka batun, lokacin da ake buƙata, zuwa wasu ƙungiyoyin tallafi.

Bidiyo mai zuwa yana ba da gabatarwa ga Shirin Takaddun Shaida na Gidauniyar Linux.

Wannan matsayi shine Sashe na 6 na jerin koyarwa na 10, a nan a cikin wannan bangare, za mu yi bayanin Yadda ake Haɗa Sashe kamar Na'urorin RAID - Ƙirƙirar & Gudanar da Ajiyayyen Tsarin, waɗanda ake buƙata don jarrabawar takaddun shaida na LFCS.

Fahimtar RAID

Fasahar da aka fi sani da Redundant Array of Independent Disks(RAID) bayani ne na ajiya wanda ke haɗa rumbun kwamfyuta da yawa zuwa naúrar ma'ana guda ɗaya don samar da sake maimaita bayanai da/ko inganta aiki. a karanta/rubuta ayyukan zuwa faifai.

Koyaya, ainihin haƙuri na kuskure da aikin faifai I/O sun dogara kan yadda aka saita rumbun kwamfyuta don samar da tsararrun faifai. Dangane da samuwan na'urori da rashin haƙuri/buƙatun aiki, an ayyana matakan RAID daban-daban. Kuna iya komawa zuwa jerin RAID anan cikin linux-console.net don ƙarin cikakken bayani akan kowane matakin RAID.

Jagorar RAID: Menene RAID, An Bayyana Ma'anar RAID da Matakan RAID

Kayan aikin mu na zaɓi don ƙirƙira, haɗawa, sarrafawa, da saka idanu RAIDs ɗin software ana kiransa mdadm (gajeren don sarrafa diski da yawa).

---------------- Debian and Derivatives ----------------
# aptitude update && aptitude install mdadm

---------------- Red Hat and CentOS based Systems ----------------
# yum update && yum install mdadm

---------------- On openSUSE ----------------
# zypper refresh && zypper install mdadm #

Tsarin harhada ɓangarorin da ke akwai azaman na'urorin RAID sun ƙunshi matakai masu zuwa.

Idan ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarori an tsara su a baya, ko kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na wani tsarin RAID a baya, za a sa ku tabbatar da ƙirƙirar sabuwar tsararrun. Da zaton kun ɗauki matakan da suka dace don gujewa rasa mahimman bayanai waɗanda wataƙila sun kasance a cikinsu, kuna iya rubuta y lafiya kuma danna Enter.

# mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=stripe --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1

Domin duba halin ƙirƙirar tsararru, za ku yi amfani da umarni masu zuwa - ba tare da la'akari da nau'in RAID ba. Waɗannan suna da inganci kamar lokacin da muke ƙirƙirar RAID0 (kamar yadda aka nuna a sama), ko lokacin da kuke kan aiwatar da kafa RAID5, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton da ke ƙasa.

# cat /proc/mdstat
or 
# mdadm --detail /dev/md0	[More detailed summary]

Tsara na'urar tare da tsarin fayil gwargwadon buƙatunku/buƙatunku, kamar yadda aka bayyana a Sashe na 4 na wannan jerin.

Umurci sabis na saka idanu don \sa ido akan tsararrun. Ƙara fitarwa na mdadm -detail -scan zuwa /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf (Debian da abubuwan da suka samo asali) ko /etc/mdadm.conf (CentOS/openSUSE), kamar haka.

# mdadm --detail --scan

# mdadm --assemble --scan 	[Assemble the array]

Don tabbatar da cewa sabis yana farawa akan boot ɗin tsarin, gudanar da umarni masu zuwa azaman tushen.

Debian da abubuwan haɓakawa, kodayake yakamata ya fara aiki akan taya ta tsohuwa.

# update-rc.d mdadm defaults

Shirya fayil ɗin /etc/default/mdadm kuma ƙara layi mai zuwa.

AUTOSTART=true

# systemctl start mdmonitor
# systemctl enable mdmonitor

# service mdmonitor start
# chkconfig mdmonitor on

A cikin matakan RAID waɗanda ke goyan bayan sakewa, maye gurbin abubuwan da suka gaza lokacin da ake buƙata. Lokacin da na'ura a cikin tsararrun faifai ya zama kuskure, sake ginawa yana farawa ta atomatik idan akwai na'urar da aka ƙara lokacin da muka fara ƙirƙira jeri.

In ba haka ba, muna buƙatar haɗa ƙarin kayan motsa jiki da hannu zuwa tsarin mu kuma mu gudu.

# mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdX1

Inda /dev/md0 shine tsararrun da suka fuskanci matsalar kuma /dev/sdX1 shine sabuwar na'ura.

Kuna iya yin wannan idan kuna buƙatar ƙirƙirar sabon tsararru ta amfani da na'urorin - (Mataki na zaɓi).

# mdadm --stop /dev/md0 				#  Stop the array
# mdadm --remove /dev/md0 			# Remove the RAID device
# mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdX1 	# Overwrite the existing md superblock with zeroes

Kuna iya saita ingantaccen adireshin imel ko asusun tsarin don aika faɗakarwa zuwa (tabbatar cewa kuna da wannan layin a cikin mdadm.conf). – (Mataki na Zabi)

MAILADDR root

A wannan yanayin, duk faɗakarwar da RAID saka idanu daemon ya tattara za a aika zuwa akwatin saƙo na tushen asusun gida. Daya daga cikin irin wannan faɗakarwa yayi kama da mai zuwa.

Lura: Wannan taron yana da alaƙa da misali a cikin MATSAYI 5, inda aka yiwa na'ura alama a matsayin kuskure kuma an gina na'urar ta atomatik a cikin array ta mdadm. Don haka, mun ƙare na na'urorin da suka dace da lafiya kuma mun sami faɗakarwa.

Jimlar girman jeri ya ninka girman mafi ƙanƙanta, inda n shine adadin diski masu zaman kansu a cikin tsararrun (za ku buƙaci aƙalla faifai biyu). Gudun umarni mai zuwa don haɗa tsararrun RAID 0 ta amfani da partitions /dev/sdb1 da /dev/sdc1.

# mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=stripe --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1

Amfani na gama gari: Saitunan da ke goyan bayan aikace-aikace na lokaci-lokaci inda aiki ya fi mahimmanci fiye da jure rashin kuskure.

Jimlar girman jeri ya yi daidai da girman ƙaramin yanki (za ku buƙaci aƙalla tuƙi biyu). Gudun umarni mai zuwa don haɗa tsararrun RAID 1 ta amfani da partitions /dev/sdb1 da /dev/sdc1.

# mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1

Amfani na yau da kullun: Shigar da tsarin aiki ko mahimman kundin adireshi, kamar /gida.

Jimlar girman jeri zai zama (n – 1) sau da girman girman mafi ƙarancin sashi. Ana amfani da sarari “ɓataccen” a cikin (n-1) don ƙididdigewa (za ku buƙaci aƙalla tuƙi uku).

Lura cewa zaku iya saka na'urar da aka keɓe (/dev/sde1 a wannan yanayin) don maye gurbin sashe mara kyau lokacin da matsala ta faru. Gudun umarni mai zuwa don haɗa tsararrun RAID 5 ta amfani da partitions /dev/sdb1, /dev/sdc1, /dev/sdd1 , da kuma /dev/sde1 a matsayin kayan aiki.

# mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=5 --raid-devices=3 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 --spare-devices=1 /dev/sde1

Amfani na yau da kullun: Yanar gizo da sabar fayil.

Jimlar girman jeri zai kasance (n*s) -2*s, inda n shine adadin faifai masu zaman kansu a cikin tsararru da s shine girman mafi ƙarancin faifai. Lura cewa zaku iya saka na'urar da aka keɓe (/dev/sdf1 a wannan yanayin) don maye gurbin sashe mara kyau lokacin da matsala ta faru.

Gudun umarni mai zuwa don haɗa tsararrun RAID 6 ta amfani da partitions /dev/sdb1, /dev/sdc1, /dev/sdd1 , /dev/sde1, da /dev/sdf1 a matsayin abin da aka keɓe.

# mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=6 --raid-devices=4 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde --spare-devices=1 /dev/sdf1

Amfani na gama gari: Fayil da sabar madadin tare da babban iya aiki da manyan buƙatun samuwa.

An ƙididdige jimlar girman jeri bisa ƙa'idodin RAID 0 da RAID 1, tunda RAID 1+0 haɗin biyu ne. Da farko, lissafta girman kowane madubi sannan kuma girman tsiri.

Lura cewa zaku iya saka na'urar da aka keɓe (/dev/sdf1 a wannan yanayin) don maye gurbin sashe mara kyau lokacin da matsala ta faru. Gudun umarni mai zuwa don haɗa tsararrun RAID 1+0 ta amfani da partitions /dev/sdb1, /dev/sdc1, /dev/sdd1, /dev/sde1, da /dev/sdf1 a matsayin abin da aka tanada.

# mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=10 --raid-devices=4 /dev/sd[b-e]1 --spare-devices=1 /dev/sdf1

Amfani na gama gari: Database da sabar aikace-aikace waɗanda ke buƙatar ayyukan I/O cikin sauri.

Ba zai taɓa yin zafi ba don tunawa da cewa RAID tare da duk fa'idodinsa BA CANCANCI BANE BA! Kafin mu fara, dole ne mu lura cewa babu mai girma-daya-daidai-dukmafita don tsarin ajiya, amma ga wasu abubuwan da kuke buƙatar la'akari yayin tsara dabarun madadin.

Me kuke amfani da tsarin ku? (Desktop ko uwar garken? Idan shari'ar ta ƙarshe ta shafi, menene mafi mahimmancin ayyuka - wanda tsarin su zai zama ainihin zafi don rasa?)

Sau nawa kuke buƙatar ɗaukar ma'ajin ku na tsarin ku?
Menene bayanan (misali fayiloli/kundayen adireshi/jujjuyawar bayanai) da kuke son adanawa? Hakanan kuna iya yin la'akari da idan kuna buƙatar adana manyan fayiloli (kamar fayilolin mai jiwuwa ko bidiyo)
A ina (ma'ana wuri na zahiri da kafofin watsa labarai) za a adana waɗancan ma'ajin?

Hanyar 1: Ajiye gaba ɗaya faifai tare da umarnin dd. Za ka iya ko dai adana gaba ɗaya rumbun kwamfutarka ko partition ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ainihin hoto a kowane lokaci cikin lokaci. Lura cewa wannan yana aiki mafi kyau idan na'urar ba ta layi ba, ma'ana ba a ɗora ta ba kuma babu hanyoyin samun damar yin amfani da ita don ayyukan I/O.

Ƙarƙashin wannan hanya ta madadin ita ce hoton zai kasance yana da girman girman faifai ko partition, koda lokacin da ainihin bayanan ya mamaye ɗan ƙaramin kaso. Misali, idan kuna son hoton wani bangare na 20 GB wanda ya cika 10% kawai, fayil din hoton zai kasance 20 GB a ciki. girman. A wasu kalmomi, ba kawai ainihin bayanan da ke samun goyon baya ba, amma dukan ɓangaren da kanta. Kuna iya la'akari da yin amfani da wannan hanyar idan kuna buƙatar ainihin madadin na'urorin ku.

# dd if=/dev/sda of=/system_images/sda.img
OR
--------------------- Alternatively, you can compress the image file --------------------- 
# dd if=/dev/sda | gzip -c > /system_images/sda.img.gz

# dd if=/system_images/sda.img of=/dev/sda
OR 

--------------------- Depending on your choice while creating the image  --------------------- 
gzip -dc /system_images/sda.img.gz | dd of=/dev/sda

Hanyar 2: Ajiye wasu fayiloli / kundayen adireshi tare da umarnin tar - wanda aka riga an rufe shi a Sashe na 3 na wannan jerin. Kuna iya yin la'akari da yin amfani da wannan hanyar idan kuna buƙatar kiyaye kwafin takamaiman fayiloli da kundayen adireshi (fayil ɗin daidaitawa, kundayen gida na masu amfani, da sauransu).

Hanyar 3: Haɗa fayiloli tare da umarnin rsync. Rsync kayan aiki ne na nesa (kuma na gida) na kwafin fayil. Idan kana buƙatar yin ajiya da aiki tare da fayilolinku zuwa/daga na'urorin cibiyar sadarwa, rsync tafi.

Ko kuna aiki tare da kundayen adireshi biyu na gida ko na gida <-> kundayen adireshi masu nisa waɗanda aka ɗora akan tsarin fayil na gida, ainihin haɗin kai iri ɗaya ne.

# rsync -av source_directory destination directory

Inda, -a suka sake komawa cikin kundin adireshi (idan akwai), adana alamomin alaƙa, tambarin lokaci, izini, da ainihin mai/ƙungiya da -v verbose.

Bugu da ƙari, idan kuna son ƙara tsaro na canja wurin bayanai akan waya, kuna iya amfani da ssh akan rsync.
# rsync -avzhe ssh backups [email _host:/remote_directory/
Wannan misalin zai daidaita kundin adireshi akan ma'aikacin gida tare da abubuwan da ke cikin /tushen/remote_directory akan mai masaukin nesa.
Inda zaɓin -h yana nuna girman fayil ɗin a cikin tsarin mutum-da-ɗaukar, kuma ana amfani da tutar -e don nuna haɗin ssh.
Haɗin kai nesa → kundin adireshi na gida akan ssh.
A wannan yanayin, canza tushen da kundayen adireshi daga misalin da ya gabata.
# rsync -avzhe ssh [email _host:/remote_directory/ backups
Lura cewa waɗannan misalan 3 ne kawai (mafi yawan lokuta da wataƙila za ku iya shiga ciki) na amfani da rsync. Don ƙarin misalai da amfani da umarnin rsync ana iya samun su a labarin mai zuwa.
Karanta Hakanan: Dokokin rsync 10 don Daidaita Fayiloli a cikin Linux
Takaitawa
A matsayin sysadmin, kuna buƙatar tabbatar da cewa tsarin ku yana aiki gwargwadon iko. Idan kun kasance cikin shiri sosai, kuma idan amincin bayananku yana da goyan bayan fasahar adanawa kamar RAID da tsarin tsarin yau da kullun, zaku kasance lafiya.
Idan kuna da tambayoyi, sharhi, ko ƙarin ra'ayoyi kan yadda za a iya inganta wannan labarin, jin daɗin magana a ƙasa. Bugu da kari, da fatan za a yi la'akari da raba wannan jerin ta hanyar bayanan martabar hanyar sadarwar ku.