LFCS: Yadda ake Dutsen/Cauke Tsarin Gida da hanyar sadarwa (Samba & NFS) a cikin Linux - Sashe na 5


Gidauniyar Linux ta ƙaddamar da takaddun shaida na LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), sabon shiri wanda manufarsa ita ce ƙyale mutane daga kowane lungu na duniya su sami ƙwararrun ayyukan gudanarwa na tsarin tsaka-tsaki don tsarin Linux, wanda ya haɗa da tallafawa tsarin gudanarwa da ayyuka. , tare da saka idanu gabaɗaya da bincike, tare da yanke shawara mai wayo idan aka zo batun tayar da batutuwa zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyin tallafi.

Bidiyo mai zuwa yana nuna gabatarwa ga Shirin Takaddun Shaida na Gidauniyar Linux.

Wannan sakon shine Sashe na 5 na jerin koyarwa guda 10, anan a wannan bangare, zamuyi bayanin Yadda ake hawa/bude tsarin fayil na gida da na hanyar sadarwa a cikin Linux, waɗanda ake buƙata don gwajin takaddun shaida na LFCS.

Hawa Tsarin Fayil

Da zarar an raba faifai, Linux yana buƙatar wata hanya don samun damar bayanai akan sassan. Ba kamar DOS ko Windows ba (inda ake yin hakan ta hanyar sanya wasiƙar tuƙi zuwa kowane bangare), Linux tana amfani da bishiyar jagorar da aka haɗa inda kowane bangare ke hawa a wani tudu a cikin wannan bishiyar.

Dutsen batu directory ne da ake amfani da shi azaman hanyar samun damar tsarin fayil akan bangare, kuma hawan tsarin fayil shine tsari na haɗa wani tsarin fayil (wani bangare, alal misali) tare da takamaiman adireshi a cikin bishiyar directory.

A takaice dai, matakin farko na sarrafa na'urar ajiya shine haɗa na'urar zuwa bishiyar tsarin fayil. Ana iya aiwatar da wannan aikin a lokaci ɗaya ta hanyar amfani da kayan aiki kamar su mount (sannan a cire shi da umount) ko kuma a ci gaba da yin sake yi ta hanyar gyara /da sauransu. /fstabfayil.

Umurnin Mount (ba tare da wani zažužžukan ko gardama ba) yana nuna tsarin fayil ɗin da aka ɗora a halin yanzu.

# mount

Bugu da kari, ana amfani da Dutsen don hawa tsarin fayil a cikin bishiyar tsarin fayil. Daidaitaccen tsarinsa shine kamar haka.

# mount -t type device dir -o options

Wannan umarni yana umurtar kernel don hawa tsarin fayil da aka samo akan na'ura (wani bangare, misali, wanda aka tsara tare da tsarin fayil nau'in) a directory dir, ta amfani da duk zaɓi. A cikin wannan fom, Dutsen baya duba cikin /etc/fstab don umarni.

Idan directory ko na'ura kawai aka ƙayyade, misali.

# mount /dir -o options
or
# mount device -o options

Mount yayi ƙoƙarin nemo wurin dutse idan ba a sami ko ɗaya ba, sannan ya nemi na'ura (duka biyun a cikin fayil ɗin /etc/fstab), sannan a ƙarshe yayi ƙoƙari. don kammala aikin dutsen (wanda yawanci yakan yi nasara, sai dai idan an riga an yi amfani da directory ko na'urar, ko lokacin da mai amfani da kiran dutsen ba tushen ba).

Za ku lura cewa kowane layi a cikin fitarwa na Dutsen yana da tsari mai zuwa.

device on directory type (options)

Misali,

/dev/mapper/debian-home on /home type ext4 (rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)

Ya karanta:

dev/mapper/debian-home yana kan /gida, wanda aka tsara shi azaman ext4, tare da zaɓuɓɓuka masu zuwa: rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=an oda

Zaɓuɓɓukan hawan da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da.

  1. async: yana ba da damar ayyukan I/O na daidaitawa akan tsarin fayil ɗin da ake sakawa.
  2. auto: alama tsarin fayil ɗin kamar yadda aka kunna don hawa ta atomatik ta amfani da dutsen -a. Kishiyar noauto ce.
  3. defaults: wannan zaɓin laƙabi ne na async, auto, dev, exec, nouser, rw, suid. Lura cewa dole ne a raba zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa ta hanyar waƙafi ba tare da kowane sarari ba. Idan ta hanyar bazata ka buga sarari tsakanin zaɓuɓɓuka, Dutsen zai fassara layin rubutu na gaba azaman wata hujja.
  4. madauki: Yana hawa hoto (fayil ɗin .iso, misali) azaman na'urar madauki. Ana iya amfani da wannan zaɓi don kwaikwayi kasancewar abubuwan da ke cikin diski a cikin mai karanta kafofin watsa labarai na gani.
  5. noexec: yana hana aiwatar da fayilolin aiwatarwa akan takamaiman tsarin fayil. Yana da akasin exec.
  6. nouser: yana hana kowane mai amfani (banda tushen) hawa da cire tsarin fayil ɗin. Kishiyar mai amfani ce.
  7. sake hawa: yana sake hawa tsarin fayil idan an riga an saka shi.
  8. ro: yana hawa tsarin fayil kamar yadda ake karantawa kawai.
  9. rw: yana hawa tsarin fayil tare da iya karatu da rubutu.
  10. relatime: yana sanya lokacin samun dama ga fayiloli ana sabunta su kawai idan atime ya riga mtime.
  11. user_xattr: ƙyale masu amfani su saita da tsawaita halayen tsarin fayil.

# mount -t ext4 /dev/sdg1 /mnt -o ro,noexec

A wannan yanayin muna iya ganin ƙoƙarin rubuta fayil zuwa ko gudanar da fayil ɗin binary dake cikin wurin hawan mu ya gaza tare da saƙon kuskure daidai.

# touch /mnt/myfile
# /mnt/bin/echo “Hi there”

A cikin yanayi mai zuwa, za mu yi ƙoƙarin rubuta fayil zuwa sabuwar na'urar mu da aka saka kuma mu gudanar da fayil mai aiwatarwa wanda ke cikin bishiyar tsarin fayil ɗin ta ta amfani da umarni iri ɗaya kamar a misalin da ya gabata.

# mount -t ext4 /dev/sdg1 /mnt -o defaults

A wannan yanayin na ƙarshe, yana aiki daidai.

Cire Na'urori

Cire na'ura (tare da umarnin umount) yana nufin gama rubuta duk sauran bayanan \kan transit domin a cire su cikin aminci. na farko, kuna gudanar da haɗarin lalata na'urar kanta ko haifar da asarar bayanai.

Wato, don buɗe na'urar, dole ne ku kasance \tsaye a waje ma'anar na'urar ta toshe ko kuma wurin hawansa. sakon da ke cewa na'urar tana aiki.

Hanya mai sauƙi don \bar wurin hawan shine buga umarnin cd wanda, idan babu gardama, zai kai mu ga kundin adireshin gidan mai amfani na yanzu, kamar yadda aka nuna a sama. .

Hana Tsarukan Fayilolin Sadarwar Sadarwar Jama'a

Tsarukan fayilolin cibiyar sadarwa guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su akai-akai sune SMB (wanda ke nufin \Toshe Saƙon Saƙon uwar garke) da NFS (\ Tsarin Fayil na hanyar sadarwa). Yiwuwar za ku yi amfani da NFS idan kuna buƙatar saita rabo don abokan ciniki kamar Unix kawai, kuma za ku zaɓi Samba idan kuna buƙatar raba fayiloli tare da abokan cinikin Windows da wataƙila sauran abokan cinikin Unix kamar su.

Karanta kuma

  1. Saita Sabar Samba a cikin RHEL/CentOS da Fedora
  2. Shigar da NFS (Tsarin Fayil na Yanar Gizo) akan RHEL/CentOS/Fedora da Debian/Ubuntu

Matakan da ke biyowa suna ɗauka cewa an riga an saita hannun jari na Samba da NFS a cikin uwar garken tare da IP 192.168.0.10 Rabon NFS yana ɗaya daga cikin cancantar da ake buƙata don jarrabawar LFCE, wanda za mu rufe bayan jerin yanzu).

Mataki na 1: Sanya samba-abokin ciniki samba-na kowa da fakitin cifs-utils akan Red Hat da tushen rarraba Debian.

# yum update && yum install samba-client samba-common cifs-utils
# aptitude update && aptitude install samba-client samba-common cifs-utils

Sannan gudanar da umarni mai zuwa don neman samin hannun jarin samba a cikin uwar garken.

# smbclient -L 192.168.0.10

Kuma shigar da kalmar sirri don tushen asusun a cikin na'ura mai nisa.

A cikin hoton da ke sama mun haskaka rabon da ke shirye don hawa akan tsarin mu na gida. Kuna buƙatar ingantaccen sunan mai amfani na samba da kalmar wucewa akan sabar mai nisa don samun dama gare shi.

Mataki na 2: Lokacin da ake hawan hanyar sadarwa mai kariya ta kalmar sirri, ba abu ne mai kyau ba a rubuta takardun shaidarka a cikin fayil /etc/fstab. Madadin haka, zaku iya adana su a cikin ɓoye fayil a wani wuri tare da izini da aka saita zuwa 600, kamar haka.

# mkdir /media/samba
# echo “username=samba_username” > /media/samba/.smbcredentials
# echo “password=samba_password” >> /media/samba/.smbcredentials
# chmod 600 /media/samba/.smbcredentials

Mataki na 3: Sannan ƙara layin da ke gaba zuwa fayil ɗin /etc/fstab.

# //192.168.0.10/gacanepa /media/samba cifs credentials=/media/samba/.smbcredentials,defaults 0 0

Mataki na 4: Yanzu zaku iya hawa rabon samba, ko dai da hannu (mount //192.168.0.10/gacanepa) ko ta sake kunna injin ku don amfani da canje-canjen da aka yi a /etc/fstab har abada.

# mount -a

Mataki na 1: Sanya nfs-na kowa da fakitin taswira akan Red Hat da tushen rarrabawar Debian.

# yum update && yum install nfs-utils nfs-utils-lib
# aptitude update && aptitude install nfs-common

Mataki na 2: Ƙirƙiri wurin hawa don rabon NFS.

# mkdir /media/nfs

Mataki na 3: Ƙara layin da ke gaba zuwa fayil ɗin /etc/fstab.

192.168.0.10:/NFS-SHARE /media/nfs nfs defaults 0 0

Mataki na 4: Yanzu zaku iya hawan nfs share, ko dai da hannu (Dutsen 192.168.0.10:/NFS-SHARE) ko ta sake kunna injin ku don amfani da canje-canjen da aka yi a /da sauransu/ fstabna dindindin.

Hana Tsarukan Fayilolin Dindindin

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin misalai guda biyu da suka gabata, fayil ɗin /etc/fstab yana sarrafa yadda Linux ke ba da damar yin amfani da sassan diski da na'urorin watsa labarai masu cirewa kuma ya ƙunshi jerin layi waɗanda ke ɗauke da filayen shida kowanne; an raba filayen ta ɗaya ko fiye da sarari ko shafuka. Layin da ya fara da alamar zanta (#) sharhi ne kuma ba a kula da shi.

Kowane layi yana da tsari mai zuwa.

<file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>

Inda:

  1. < tsarin fayil >: Rukunin farko yana ƙayyadaddun na'urar hawan. Yawancin rarrabawa yanzu suna ƙayyadaddun ɓangarori ta alamun su ko UUIDs. Wannan aikin zai iya taimakawa wajen rage matsalolin idan lambobin ɓangaren sun canza.
  2. /b>: Shafi na biyu yana ƙayyadad da wurin dutsen.
  3. : Lambar nau'in tsarin fayil iri ɗaya ne da nau'in lambar da ake amfani da ita don hawan tsarin fayil tare da umarnin dutse. Lambar nau'in tsarin fayil na auto yana ba kernel damar gano nau'in tsarin fayil ta atomatik, wanda zai iya zama zaɓi mai dacewa don na'urorin watsa labarai masu cirewa. Lura cewa wannan zaɓi bazai samuwa ga duk tsarin fayil ɗin da ke can ba.
  4. zaɓi: Ɗaya (ko fiye) zaɓi (s) na hawa).
  5. : Wataƙila za ku bar wannan zuwa 0 (in ba haka ba saita shi zuwa 1) don kashe kayan aikin juji don adana tsarin fayil akan taya (Shirin juji ya kasance kayan aiki na yau da kullun na yau da kullun. , amma ya fi shahara a yau.)
  6. : Wannan ginshiƙi yana ƙayyadad da ko ya kamata a duba amincin tsarin fayil a lokacin taya tare da fsck. A 0 yana nufin cewa fsck bai kamata ya duba tsarin fayil ba. Mafi girman lambar, mafi ƙarancin fifiko. Don haka, tushen ɓangaren zai fi yiwuwa yana da darajar 1, yayin da duk sauran waɗanda ya kamata a bincika su sami darajar 2.

1. Don sanya bangare mai alamar TECMINT a lokacin taya tare da rw da noexec halayen, ya kamata ku ƙara layin da ke cikin / etc/fstabfayil.

LABEL=TECMINT /mnt ext4 rw,noexec 0 0

2. Idan kana son abinda ke ciki na faifan diski a cikin faifan DVD ɗin ku zama samuwa a lokacin taya.

/dev/sr0    /media/cdrom0    iso9660    ro,user,noauto    0    0

Inda /dev/sr0 ke DVD ɗin ku.

Takaitawa

Kuna iya tabbata cewa hawa da cirewa na gida da tsarin fayil na cibiyar sadarwa daga layin umarni zasu kasance wani ɓangare na ayyukanku na yau da kullun azaman sysadmin. Hakanan kuna buƙatar ƙwarewar /etc/fstab. Ina fatan kun sami wannan labarin yana da amfani don taimaka muku da waɗannan ayyukan. Jin kyauta don ƙara tsokaci (ko yin tambayoyi) a ƙasa kuma don raba wannan labarin ta bayanan bayanan zamantakewa na cibiyar sadarwar ku.

  1. Game da LFCS
  2. Me yasa ake samun Takaddun Shaida ta Gidauniyar Linux?
  3. Yi rijista don jarrabawar LFCS


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