LFCS: Rarraba Na'urorin Ajiye, Tsara Tsararrakin Fayil da Tsara Sashe na Musanya - Sashe na 4

A watan Agustan da ya gabata, Gidauniyar Linux ta ƙaddamar da takaddun shaida na LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), wata dama mai haske ga masu gudanar da tsarin don nunawa, ta hanyar gwajin tushen aiki, cewa za su iya aiwatar da tallafin gaba ɗaya na tsarin Linux: tallafin tsarin, matakin farko. bincike da saka idanu, da haɓaka batun - idan an buƙata - ga sauran ƙungiyoyin tallafi.

Da fatan za a sani cewa takaddun shaida na Linux Foundation daidai ne, gabaɗaya dangane da aiki kuma ana samun su ta hanyar tashar yanar gizo kowane lokaci, ko'ina. Don haka, ba za ku ƙara yin tafiya zuwa cibiyar jarrabawa don samun takaddun shaida da kuke buƙata don kafa ƙwarewarku da ƙwarewarku ba.

Da fatan za a kalli bidiyon da ke ƙasa wanda ke bayanin Shirin Takaddun Shaida na Gidauniyar Linux.

Wannan matsayi shine Sashe na 4 na jerin koyarwa 10, anan a cikin wannan ɓangaren, za mu rufe na'urorin ajiya na Rarraba, Tsarin tsarin fayil da Tsara swap partition, waɗanda ake buƙata don jarrabawar takaddun shaida na LFCS.

Rarraba Na'urorin Ma'aji

Partitioning wata hanya ce ta raba rumbun kwamfutarka guda ɗaya zuwa sassa ɗaya ko fiye ko kuma \slices da ake kira partitions. Partition wani sashe ne a cikin drive wanda ake ɗaukarsa azaman diski mai zaman kansa wanda ya ƙunshi guda ɗaya. nau'in tsarin fayil, yayin da tebur bangare shine fihirisar da ke da alaƙa da sassan jikin rumbun kwamfutarka zuwa ga gano ɓarna.

A cikin Linux, kayan aikin gargajiya don sarrafa sassan MBR (har zuwa ~2009) a cikin tsarin IBM PC masu jituwa shine fdisk. Don sassan GPT (~ 2010 da kuma daga baya) za mu yi amfani da gdisk. Ana iya kiran kowane ɗayan waɗannan kayan aikin ta hanyar buga sunansa da sunan na'ura (kamar /dev/sdb).

Za mu fara rufe fdisk.

# fdisk /dev/sdb

Gaggawa ya bayyana yana neman aiki na gaba. Idan ba ku da tabbas, kuna iya danna maɓallin ''m' don nuna abubuwan taimako.

A cikin hoton da ke sama, zaɓukan da aka fi amfani da su akai-akai ana haskaka su. A kowane lokaci, zaku iya danna ''p' don nuna tebur na yanzu.

Rukunin Id yana nuna nau'in ɓangaren (ko id ɗin ɓangaren) wanda fdisk ya sanya zuwa ɓangaren. Nau'in bangare yana aiki azaman mai nuni ne ga tsarin fayil, ɓangaren ya ƙunshi ko, a cikin kalmomi masu sauƙi, hanyar da za a sami damar bayanai a cikin ɓangaren.

Da fatan za a lura cewa cikakken binciken kowane nau'in bangare bai wuce iyakar wannan koyawa ba - kamar yadda wannan jerin ke mayar da hankali kan jarrabawar LFCS, wanda ya dogara da aiki.

Kuna iya jera duk nau'ikan bangare waɗanda fdisk za'a iya sarrafa su ta latsa zaɓi 'l' (ƙananan l).

Danna ''d' don share bangare da ke akwai. Idan an sami bangare fiye da ɗaya a cikin tuƙi, za a tambaye ku wanne ya kamata a goge.

Shigar da lambar da ta dace, sannan danna ''w' (rubuta gyare-gyare zuwa teburin bangare) don aiwatar da canje-canje.

A cikin misalin da ke gaba, za mu goge /dev/sdb2, sannan mu buga (p) teburin ɓangaren don tabbatar da gyare-gyare.

Danna ‘n’ don ƙirƙirar sabon bangare, sannan ‘p’ don nuna zai zama ɓangaren farko. A ƙarshe, zaku iya karɓar duk tsoffin ƙima (a cikin wannan yanayin ɓangaren zai mamaye duk sararin samaniya), ko saka girman kamar haka.

Idan ɓangaren Id wanda fdisk ya zaɓa ba shine daidai ba don saitin mu, zamu iya danna '' t' don canza shi.

Idan kun gama saita sassan, danna ''w' don aiwatar da canje-canje zuwa faifai.

A cikin misali mai zuwa, za mu yi amfani da /dev/sdb.

# gdisk /dev/sdb

Dole ne mu lura cewa ana iya amfani da gdisk ko dai don ƙirƙirar sassan MBR ko GPT.

Amfanin amfani da rarraba GPT shine zamu iya ƙirƙira har zuwa 128 partitions a cikin faifai iri ɗaya wanda girmansa zai iya kaiwa ga tsarin petabytes, yayin da matsakaicin girman ɓangaren MBR shine 2 TB. .

Lura cewa yawancin zaɓuɓɓukan a fdisk iri ɗaya ne a gdisk. Saboda wannan dalili, ba za mu yi cikakken bayani game da su ba, amma a nan ga hoton tsarin.

Tsarin Fayilolin Fayil

Da zarar mun ƙirƙiri duk ɓangarorin da suka dace, dole ne mu ƙirƙiri tsarin fayil. Don gano jerin tsarin fayilolin da ke da goyan bayan tsarin ku, gudu.

# ls /sbin/mk*

Nau'in tsarin fayil ɗin da yakamata ku zaɓa ya dogara da buƙatun ku. Ya kamata ku yi la'akari da ribobi da fursunoni na kowane tsarin fayil da tsarin fasalinsa. Halaye biyu masu mahimmanci don nema a cikin tsarin fayil sune.

1. Tallafin jarida, wanda ke ba da damar dawo da bayanai cikin sauri a cikin hatsarin tsarin.
2. Taimakon Inganta Tsaro na Linux (SELinux), kamar yadda aikin wiki yake,\haɓaka tsaro ga Linux wanda ke ba masu amfani da masu gudanarwa damar ƙarin iko akan ikon shiga.

A cikin misalinmu na gaba, za mu ƙirƙiri tsarin fayil na ext4 (yana goyon bayan aikin jarida da SELinux) mai suna Tecmint akan /dev/sdb1, ta amfani da >mkfs, wanda asalinsa shine.

# mkfs -t [filesystem] -L [label] device
or
# mkfs.[filesystem] -L [label] device

Ƙirƙirar da Amfani da Swap Partitions

Swap partitions yana da mahimmanci idan muna buƙatar tsarinmu na Linux don samun damar yin amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda shine sashe na hard disk da aka keɓe don amfani da shi azaman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, lokacin da babban tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (RAM) ke aiki. Don haka, ƙila ba za a buƙaci ɓangaren musanya ba akan tsarin da ke da isasshen RAM don biyan duk buƙatunsa; duk da haka, ko da a wannan yanayin ya rage ga mai sarrafa tsarin don yanke shawarar ko za a yi amfani da ɓangaren musanyawa ko a'a.

Doka mai sauƙi na babban yatsa don yanke shawarar girman ɓangaren musanya shine kamar haka.

Ya kamata musanyawa yawanci yayi daidai da 2x RAM na zahiri har zuwa 2 GB na RAM na zahiri, sannan ƙarin 1x RAM na zahiri akan kowane adadin da ke sama >2 GB, amma bai gaza 32 MB ba.

Don haka, idan:

M = Adadin RAM a GB, da S = Adadin musanyawa a GB, sannan

If M < 2
	S = M *2
Else
	S = M + 2

Ka tuna wannan dabara ce kawai kuma kai kaɗai, a matsayin sysadmin, ke da kalmar ƙarshe game da amfani da girman ɓangaren musanyawa.

Don saita ɓangaren musanya, ƙirƙiri bangare na yau da kullun kamar yadda aka nuna a baya tare da girman da ake so. Bayan haka, muna buƙatar ƙara shigarwar mai zuwa zuwa fayil ɗin /etc/fstab (X na iya zama ko dai b ko c b>).

/dev/sdX1 swap swap sw 0 0

A ƙarshe, bari mu tsara kuma mu ba da damar swap partition.

# mkswap /dev/sdX1
# swapon -v /dev/sdX1

Don nuna hoton ɓangaren musanya.

# cat /proc/swaps

Don musaki ɓangaren musanya.

# swapoff /dev/sdX1

Misali na gaba, za mu yi amfani da /dev/sdc1 (=512 MB, don tsarin da ke da 256 MB na RAM) don saita bangare tare da fdisk wanda za mu yi amfani da shi azaman musanya, ta bin matakai dalla-dalla a sama. Lura cewa za mu ƙayyade ƙayyadadden girman a wannan yanayin.

Kammalawa

Ƙirƙirar ɓangarori (gami da musanyawa) da tsara tsarin fayil suna da mahimmanci a hanyar ku zuwa Sysadminship. Ina fatan shawarwarin da aka bayar a cikin wannan labarin za su jagorance ku don cimma burin ku. Jin kyauta don ƙara nasihu da ra'ayoyinku a cikin sashin sharhin da ke ƙasa, don amfanin al'umma.

1. Game da LFCS
2. Me yasa ake samun Takaddun Shaida ta Gidauniyar Linux?
3. Yi rijista don jarrabawar LFCS