Kafa PXE Network Boot Server don Rarraba Rarraba Linux da yawa a cikin RHEL/CentOS 7

PXE Server – Preboot eXecution Environment – umurci kwamfuta abokin ciniki don taya, gudu ko shigar da tsarin aiki kai tsaye samar da hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa, kawar da buƙatar ƙone CD/DVD ko amfani da matsakaicin jiki, ko, zai iya sauƙaƙa aikin shigar da rarraba Linux akan ababen more rayuwa na cibiyar sadarwar ku akan injuna da yawa lokaci guda.

  1. Ƙaramar Tsarin Shigar CentOS 7
  2. RHEL 7 Karamin Tsarin Shigarwa
  3. Shigar da Adireshin IP na tsaye a cikin RHEL/CentOS 7
  4. Cire Ayyukan da Ba'a so a cikin RHEL/CentOS 7
  5. Shigar da uwar garken NTP don saita daidai lokacin tsarin a cikin RHEL/CentOS 7

Wannan labarin zai bayyana yadda za ku iya shigarwa da kuma daidaita PXE Server akan RHEL/CentOS 7 x64-bit tare da ma'ajin shigarwa na gida mai kamanni, an bayar da tushe. ta CentOS 7 DVD ISO image, tare da taimakon DNSMASQ Server.

Wanda ke ba da sabis na DNS da DHCP, Syslinux kunshin wanda ke ba da bootloaders don booting na cibiyar sadarwa, TFTP-Server, wanda ke yin hakan. Hotunan da za a iya saukewa don saukewa ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar amfani da Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) da VSFTPD Server wanda zai dauki nauyin hoton DVD mai kamanni na gida - wanda zai yi aiki a matsayin RHEL na hukuma. /CentOS 7 ma'ajin shigarwa na madubi daga inda mai sakawa zai fitar da fakitin da ake buƙata.

Mataki 1: Shigar kuma saita DNSMASQ Server

1. Babu buƙatar tunatar da ku wanda ke da matuƙar buƙata cewa ɗaya daga cikin ƙirar katin sadarwar ku, idan uwar garken ku ta sami ƙarin NICs, dole ne a saita shi tare da adireshin IP na tsaye daga kewayon IP iri ɗaya wanda ke cikin sashin cibiyar sadarwa wanda zai samar da PXE. ayyuka.

Don haka, bayan kun saita adireshin IP ɗinku na tsaye, sabunta tsarin ku kuma kuyi wasu saitunan farko, yi amfani da wannan umarni don shigar da DNSMASQ daemon.

# yum install dnsmasq

2. DNSMASQ babban fayil ɗin daidaitawa na asali wanda ke cikin /da sauransu directory shine bayanin kansa amma yana da niyyar zama mai wahalar gyarawa, yi ga bayanin da aka yi sharhi sosai.

Da farko ka tabbata ka yi ajiyar wannan fayil ɗin idan kana buƙatar sake duba shi daga baya sannan, sannan, ƙirƙiri sabon fayil ɗin sanyi mara kyau ta amfani da editan rubutu da kuka fi so ta hanyar ba da umarni masu zuwa.

# mv /etc/dnsmasq.conf  /etc/dnsmasq.conf.backup
# nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf

3. Yanzu, kwafi da liƙa waɗannan saitunan akan dnsmasq.conf fayil kuma tabbatar da cewa kun canza bayanin bayanan da ke ƙasa don dacewa da saitunan cibiyar sadarwar ku daidai.

interface=eno16777736,lo
#bind-interfaces
domain=centos7.lan
# DHCP range-leases
dhcp-range= eno16777736,192.168.1.3,192.168.1.253,255.255.255.0,1h
# PXE
dhcp-boot=pxelinux.0,pxeserver,192.168.1.20
# Gateway
dhcp-option=3,192.168.1.1
# DNS
dhcp-option=6,92.168.1.1, 8.8.8.8
server=8.8.4.4
# Broadcast Address
dhcp-option=28,10.0.0.255
# NTP Server
dhcp-option=42,0.0.0.0

pxe-prompt="Press F8 for menu.", 60
pxe-service=x86PC, "Install CentOS 7 from network server 192.168.1.20", pxelinux
enable-tftp
tftp-root=/var/lib/tftpboot

Bayanan da kuke buƙatar canza sune kamar haka:

  1. interface - Hanyoyi da ya kamata uwar garken ya saurara kuma ta samar da ayyuka.
  2. Interfaces - Rashin daidaituwa don ɗaure kawai akan wannan keɓancewa.
  3. yanki - Sauya shi da sunan yankin ku.
  4. dhcp-range - Sauya shi da kewayon IP wanda abin rufe fuska na cibiyar sadarwar ku ya bayyana akan wannan sashin.
  5. dhcp-boot - Maye gurbin bayanin IP tare da adireshin IP na ke dubawa.
  6. dhcp-option=3,192.168.1.1 – Sauya Adireshin IP tare da sashin Ƙofar hanyar sadarwar ku.
  7. dhcp-option=6,92.168.1.1 – Sauya Adireshin IP ɗin tare da IP ɗin sabar uwar garken DNS ɗin ku - ana iya bayyana IPs da yawa na DNS.
  8. server=8.8.4.4 - Sanya adiresoshin IPs na masu tura DNS na ku.
  9. dhcp-option=28,10.0.0.255 – Sauya Adireshin IP tare da adireshin watsa shirye-shiryen cibiyar sadarwa –da zabin.
  10. dhcp-option=42,0.0.0.0 – Sanya sabar lokacin sadarwar ku – ba na zaɓi ba (0.0.0.0 Adireshin don nuna kai ne).
  11. pxe-prompt - Bar shi azaman tsoho - yana nufin buga maɓallin F8 don shigar da menu 60 tare da lokacin jira na daƙiƙa ..
  12. pxe=sabis - Yi amfani da x86PC don gine-ginen 32-bit/64-bit kuma shigar da faɗakarwar kwatancen menu a ƙarƙashin abubuwan ƙirƙira. Sauran nau'ikan dabi'u na iya zama: PC98, IA64_EFI, Alpha, Arc_x86, Intel_Lean_Client, IA32_EFI, BC_EFI, Xscale_EFI da X86-64_EFI.
  13. enable-tftp - Yana kunna sabar TFTP da aka ginawa.
  14. tftp-root – Yi amfani da /var/lib/tftpboot – wurin duk fayilolin netbooting.

Don sauran zaɓuɓɓukan ci gaba game da fayil ɗin sanyi jin daɗin karanta littafin dnsmasq.

Mataki 2: Shigar SYSLINUX Bootloaders

4. Bayan kun gyara kuma ku adana DNSMASQ babban fayil ɗin sanyi, ci gaba da shigar da Syslinx PXE bootloader kunshin ta hanyar ba da umarni mai zuwa.

# yum install syslinux

5. Fayilolin bootloaders na PXE suna zaune a cikin /usr/share/syslinuxcikakkiyar hanyar tsarin, don haka zaku iya duba ta ta lissafin wannan abun cikin hanyar. Wannan matakin na zaɓi ne, amma kuna iya buƙatar sanin wannan hanyar domin a mataki na gaba, za mu kwafi duk abubuwan da ke cikinsa zuwa hanyar TFTP Server.

# ls /usr/share/syslinux

Mataki na 3: Shigar da TFTP-Server kuma Sanya shi tare da SYSLINUX Bootloaders

6. Yanzu, bari mu matsa zuwa mataki na gaba kuma mu shigar da TFTP-Server sannan, sannan, kwafi duk fayilolin bootloders da aka bayar ta kunshin Syslinux daga wurin da aka jera a sama zuwa /var/lib/tftpboot b> hanya ta hanyar ba da umarni masu zuwa.

# yum install tftp-server
# cp -r /usr/share/syslinux/* /var/lib/tftpboot

Mataki 4: Saita Fayil Kanfigareshan Sabar PXE

7. Yawanci PXE Server yana karanta tsarin sa daga rukunin takamaiman fayiloli (GUID fayiloli - na farko, MAC fayiloli - na gaba, Defaultfayil – na ƙarshe) wanda aka shirya a cikin babban fayil mai suna pxelinux.cfg, wanda dole ne ya kasance a cikin kundin adireshi da aka kayyade a tftp-root sanarwa daga babban fayil na DNSMASQ .

Ƙirƙiri kundin adireshi da ake buƙata pxelinux.cfg kuma cika shi da fayil ɗin tsoho ta hanyar ba da umarni masu zuwa.

# mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg
# touch /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default

8. Yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a gyara PXE Server fayil ɗin sanyi tare da ingantattun zaɓuɓɓukan shigarwa na rarraba Linux. Hakanan lura cewa duk hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan fayil ɗin dole ne su kasance dangi da adireshin /var/lib/tftpboot.

A ƙasa zaku iya ganin fayil ɗin sanyi na misali wanda zaku iya amfani dashi, amma gyara hotunan shigarwa (fayil ɗin kernel da initrd), ladabi (FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, NFS) da IPs don nuna ma'ajin shigarwa na cibiyar sadarwar ku da hanyoyin daidai.

# nano /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default

Ƙara duk abin da ke gaba a cikin fayil ɗin.

default menu.c32
prompt 0
timeout 300
ONTIMEOUT local

menu title ########## PXE Boot Menu ##########

label 1
menu label ^1) Install CentOS 7 x64 with Local Repo
kernel centos7/vmlinuz
append initrd=centos7/initrd.img method=ftp://192.168.1.20/pub devfs=nomount

label 2
menu label ^2) Install CentOS 7 x64 with http://mirror.centos.org Repo
kernel centos7/vmlinuz
append initrd=centos7/initrd.img method=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/os/x86_64/ devfs=nomount ip=dhcp

label 3
menu label ^3) Install CentOS 7 x64 with Local Repo using VNC
kernel centos7/vmlinuz
append  initrd=centos7/initrd.img method=ftp://192.168.1.20/pub devfs=nomount inst.vnc inst.vncpassword=password

label 4
menu label ^4) Boot from local drive

Kamar yadda kuke gani CentOS 7 hotunan taya (kernel da initrd) suna zaune a cikin kundin adireshi mai suna centos7 dangane da /var/lib/tftpboot (a kan cikakkiyar hanyar tsarin wannan yana nufin /var/lib/tftpboot/centos7) kuma ana iya isa wurin ma'ajiyar mai sakawa ta amfani da ka'idar FTP akan 192.168.1.20/pub wurin cibiyar sadarwa - a wannan yanayin ana gudanar da wuraren ajiya a gida saboda adireshin IP iri ɗaya ne da adireshin uwar garken PXE).

Hakanan menu na label 3 yana ƙayyade cewa shigarwar abokin ciniki yakamata a yi shi daga wuri mai nisa ta hanyar VNC (a nan maye gurbin kalmar sirri ta VNC tare da kalmar sirri mai ƙarfi) idan kun shigar akan abokin ciniki mara kai. kuma menu na label 2 yana ƙayyadad da shi a matsayin
tushen shigarwar madubin Intanet na hukuma na CentOS 7 (wannan yanayin yana buƙatar haɗin Intanet akan abokin ciniki ta DHCP da NAT).

Muhimmi: Kamar yadda kuke gani a cikin tsarin da ke sama, mun yi amfani da CentOS 7 don dalilai na nunawa, amma kuna iya ayyana hotunan RHEL 7, kuma bin umarnin duka da daidaitawa sun dogara ne akan CentOS 7 kawai, don haka ku mai da hankali yayin zabar rarraba.

Mataki 5: Ƙara CentOS 7 Boot Images zuwa PXE Server

9. Don wannan mataki ana buƙatar kernel CentOS da fayilolin initrd. Don samun waɗannan fayilolin kuna buƙatar Hotunan CentOS 7 DVD ISO. Don haka, ci gaba da zazzage Hoton DVD na CentOS, saka shi a cikin faifan DVD ɗin ku kuma hau hoton zuwa hanyar tsarin /mnt ta hanyar ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa.

Dalilin yin amfani da DVD ba ƙaramin CD ɗin ba shine gaskiyar cewa daga baya za a yi amfani da wannan abun cikin DVD don ƙirƙirar
ma'ajiyar sakawa na gida don tushen FTP.

# mount -o loop /dev/cdrom  /mnt
# ls /mnt

Idan na'urar ku ba ta da faifan DVD za ku iya zazzage CentOS 7 DVD ISO a cikin gida ta amfani da wget ko curl utilities daga madubin CentOS kuma ku hau shi.

# wget http://mirrors.xservers.ro/centos/7.0.1406/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7.0-1406-x86_64-DVD.iso
# mount -o loop /path/to/centos-dvd.iso  /mnt

10. Bayan an samar da abun cikin DVD, ƙirƙiri littafin centos7 sannan a kwafi CentOS 7 kernel bootable da initrd hotuna daga wurin da aka ɗora DVD zuwa tsarin babban fayil na centos7.

# mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/centos7
# cp /mnt/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz  /var/lib/tftpboot/centos7
# cp /mnt/images/pxeboot/initrd.img  /var/lib/tftpboot/centos7

Dalilin yin amfani da wannan hanyar shine, daga baya zaku iya ƙirƙirar sabbin kundayen adireshi daban a cikin hanyar /var/lib/tftpboot sannan ku ƙara wasu rarrabawar Linux zuwa menu na PXE ba tare da lalata tsarin tsarin gabaɗayan ba.

Mataki 6: Ƙirƙiri CentOS 7 Tushen Sanya Madubin Gida

11. Ko da yake za ka iya saita Instalation Source Mirrors ta hanyoyi daban-daban irin su HTTP, HTTPS ko NFS, don wannan jagorar, na zaɓi FTP yarjejeniya saboda yana da aminci sosai kuma mai sauƙin saitawa tare da taimakon sabar vsftpd.

Ƙara shigar da vsftpd daemon, kwafi duk abubuwan da aka ɗora DVD zuwa vsftpd hanyar uwar garken tsoho (/var/ftp/pub) - wannan na iya ɗaukar ɗan lokaci dangane da albarkatun tsarin ku kuma saka. izini masu karantawa zuwa wannan hanyar ta hanyar ba da umarni masu zuwa.

# yum install vsftpd
# cp -r /mnt/*  /var/ftp/pub/ 
# chmod -R 755 /var/ftp/pub

Mataki 7: Fara kuma Kunna Daemons System-Wide

12. Yanzu da aka gama tsarin uwar garken PXE, sai a fara DNSMASQ da VSFTPD sabobin, tabbatar da matsayin su kuma kunna shi a faɗin tsarin, don farawa ta atomatik bayan kowane tsarin sake kunnawa. ta hanyar gudanar da umarnin da ke ƙasa.

# systemctl start dnsmasq
# systemctl status dnsmasq
# systemctl start vsftpd
# systemctl status vsftpd
# systemctl enable dnsmasq
# systemctl enable vsftpd

Mataki 8: Buɗe Firewall kuma Gwada Tushen Shigar da FTP

13. Don samun jerin duk tashoshin jiragen ruwa waɗanda ke buƙatar buɗewa akan Firewall ɗinku domin injinan abokin ciniki su isa kuma suyi boot daga uwar garken PXE, gudanar da umarni netstat kuma ƙara dokokin CentOS 7 Firewalld daidai da dnsmasq kuma vsftpd tashar jiragen ruwa.

# netstat -tulpn
# firewall-cmd --add-service=ftp --permanent  	## Port 21
# firewall-cmd --add-service=dns --permanent  	## Port 53
# firewall-cmd --add-service=dhcp --permanent  	## Port 67
# firewall-cmd --add-port=69/udp --permanent  	## Port for TFTP
# firewall-cmd --add-port=4011/udp --permanent  ## Port for ProxyDHCP
# firewall-cmd --reload  ## Apply rules

14. Don gwada hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar shigarwa ta FTP, buɗe mai bincike a cikin gida (lynx yakamata yayi shi) ko akan wata kwamfuta daban kuma buga adireshin IP na uwar garken PXE ɗin ku tare da
Yarjejeniyar FTP tana biye da /shafi wurin cibiyar sadarwa akan URL da aka yi kuma sakamakon yakamata ya kasance kamar yadda aka gabatar a hoton da ke ƙasa.

ftp://192.168.1.20/pub

15. Don gyara uwar garken PXE don rashin daidaituwa na ƙarshe ko wasu bayanai da bincike a cikin yanayin rayuwa gudanar da umarni mai zuwa.

# tailf /var/log/messages

16. A ƙarshe, mataki na ƙarshe da ake buƙata da kuke buƙatar yi shine cire CentOS 7 DVD kuma cire matsakaicin jiki.

# umount /mnt

Mataki 9: Sanya Abokan ciniki don Boot daga hanyar sadarwa

17. Yanzu abokan cinikin ku za su iya yin boot da shigar da CentOS 7 akan injinan su ta hanyar saita Network Boot azaman na'urar boot na farko daga tsarin su BIOS ko ta buga takamaiman maɓalli yayin ayyukan BIOS POST kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin littafin motherboard.

Domin zaɓar booting na cibiyar sadarwa. Bayan bayyanar PXE ta farko, danna maɓallin F8 don shigar da gabatarwa sannan danna maɓallin Shigar da don ci gaba zuwa menu na PXE.

18. Da zarar kun isa menu na PXE, zaɓi nau'in shigarwa na CentOS 7, danna Enter key kuma ku ci gaba da tsarin shigarwa kamar yadda zaku iya shigar da shi daga na'urar boot na gida.

Lura cewa yin amfani da bambance-bambancen 2 daga wannan menu yana buƙatar haɗin Intanet mai aiki akan abokin ciniki da aka yi niyya. Hakanan, a ƙasa
hotunan kariyar kwamfuta za ku iya ganin misali na shigarwa na nesa na abokin ciniki ta hanyar VNC.

Wannan ke nan don saita ƙaramin PXE Server akan CentOS 7. A labarina na gaba daga wannan jerin, zan tattauna wasu batutuwa game da wannan tsarin uwar garken PXE kamar yadda ake saita shigarwar atomatik na CentOS 7 ta amfani da fayilolin Kickstart da ƙara sauran rarrabawar Linux. zuwa menu na PXE - Ubuntu Server da Debian 7.