An Sakin Kernel 3.16 - Haɗa kuma Sanya akan Debian GNU/Linux

Kernel shine jigon kowane tsarin aiki. Babban aikin kernel shine yin aiki azaman matsakanci tsakanin Aikace-aikace - CPU, Aikace-aikacen - Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da Aikace-aikace - Na'urori (I/O). Yana aiki azaman Mai sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, mai sarrafa na'ura kuma yana halartar kiran tsarin baya yin wasu ayyuka.

Ga Linux, Kernel shine zuciyar sa. Ana fitar da Linux Kernel ƙarƙashin lasisin Jama'a na GNU. Linus Torvalds ya haɓaka Linux Kernel a cikin 1991 kuma ya zo tare da Sigar Sakin Farko na Kernel 0.01. A ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2014 (a wannan shekarar) An saki Kernel 3.16. A cikin wannan shekaru 22, Linux kernel ya ga ci gaba da yawa. Yanzu akwai dubunnan kamfanoni, miliyoyin masu haɓaka masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga Linux Kernel.

Ƙididdigar ƙima na manyan samfuran samfuran da gudummawar su ga Linux Kernel na yanzu wanda ake tsammanin yana da layin lamba miliyan 17 kamar yadda Linux Foundation, Rahoton Ci gaban Linux Kernel.

  1. RedHat – 10.2%
  2. Intel – 8.8%
  3. Texas Instruments - 4.1%
  4. Linaro – 4.1%
  5. SUSE – 3.5%
  6. IBM – 3.1%
  7. Samsung – 2.6%
  8. Google – 2.4%
  9. Tsarin Zane Hannu - 2.3%
  10. Wolfson Microelectronics – 1.6%
  11. Oracle – 1.3%
  12. Broadcom – 1.3%
  13. Nvidia – 1.3%
  14. Freescale - 1.2%
    15. Fasahar Ingics - 1.2%
  15. Cisco - 0.9%
  16. Linux Foundation – 0.9%
  17. AMD - 0.9%
  18. Masana Ilimi - 0.9%
  19. NetAPP - 0.8%
  20. Fujitsu – 0.7%
  21. daidai - 0.7%
  22. ARM – 0.7%

Kashi saba'in na ci gaban kwaya masu haɓakawa ne ke yin su, waɗanda ke aiki a cikin Kamfanoni kuma ana biyan su don hakan, yana da ban sha'awa?

An saki Linux Kernel 3.16 ga mutum ɗaya da kuma kamfanoni a cikin yanayin samarwa, waɗanda za su sabunta kwaya don wasu dalilai, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun haɗa da.

  1. Tsarin Tsaro
  2. Ingantacciyar Kwanciyar Hankali
  3. Masu Sabunta Direbobi - Ingantacciyar Tallafin Na'urar
  4. Haɓaka saurin aiwatarwa
  5. Sabon Ayyuka, da sauransu

Wannan labarin yana nufin sabunta kernel Debian, hanyar Debian, wanda ke nufin ƙarancin aikin hannu, ƙarancin haɗari tukuna tare da kamala. Hakanan za mu sabunta Ubuntu Kernel a ƙarshen wannan labarin.

Kafin mu ci gaba, dole ne mu san game da kernel ɗinmu na yanzu, wanda aka shigar.

[email :~$ uname -mrns 

Linux tecmint 3.14-1-amd64 x86_64

Game da zaɓuɓɓuka:

  1. -s : Print Operating System ('Linux', Here).
  2. -n : Buga Sunan Mai watsa shiri ('tecmint', Anan).
  3. -r : Fitar Kernel ('tecmint 3.14-1-amd64', Anan).
  4. -m : Print Hardware Saitin Saitin ('x86_64', Anan).

Zazzage sabuwar tsayayyen kernel daga mahaɗin da ke ƙasa. Kada ku ruɗe ta hanyar hanyar zazzage faci a can. Zazzage wanda ya bayyana a sarari - \KERNEL STABLE NA KARSHE.

  1. https://www.kernel.org/

A madadin za ku iya amfani da wget don zazzage kernel wanda ya fi dacewa.

[email :~/Downloads$ wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.16.tar.xz

Bayan an gama zazzagewar kuma kafin mu ci gaba, ana ba da shawarar sosai don tabbatar da sa hannun kernel.

[email :~/Downloads$ wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.16.tar.sign

Ana buƙatar tabbatar da sa hannu akan fayil ɗin da ba a matsawa ba. Wannan yana buƙatar sa hannu ɗaya akan tsarin matsawa daban-daban wato, .gz, .bz2, .xz.

Next, uncompress Linux Kernel Hoton.

[email :~/Downloads$ unxz linux-3.16.tar.xz

Tabbatar da sa hannun hannu.

[email :~/Downloads$ gpg --verify linux-3.16.tar.sign

Lura: Idan umarni na sama yana jefa gpg: Ba za a iya duba sa hannu ba: maɓallin jama'a ba a sami kuskure ba. Wannan yana nufin muna buƙatar zazzage maɓallin Jama'a da hannu daga uwar garken PGP.

[email :~/Downloads$ gpg --recv-keys  00411886

Bayan zazzage maɓallin, sake tabbatar da Maɓallin.

[email :~/Downloads$ gpg --verify linux-3.16.tar.sign

Shin kun lura da abubuwa biyu game da tabbatar da maɓallin gpg.

  1. gpg: Kyakkyawan sa hannu daga “Linus Torvalds <[email kare]>”
  2. Tambarin yatsa na farko: ABAF 11C6 5A29 70B1 30AB E3C4 79BE 3E43 0041 1886 .

Babu wani abu da zai damu game da maɓalli na yatsa, muna da tabbacin yanzu cewa tarihin yana da kyau kuma an sanya hannu. Mu ci gaba!

Kafin mu ci gaba da fara gina kernel, muna buƙatar shigar da wasu fakiti don sauƙaƙe ginin kernel da tsarin shigarwa da yin ta hanyar Debian mara haɗari.

Sanya libcurse5-dev, fakeroot da fakitin kwaya.

[email :~/Downloads$ sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev
[email :~/Downloads$ sudo apt-get install fakeroot
[email :~/Downloads$ sudo apt-get install kernel-package

Bayan nasarar shigarwa na fakitin da ke sama, muna shirye don gina kernel. Matsar zuwa Hoton Linux Kernel da aka fitar (mun fitar a sama, yayin da muke tabbatar da sa hannu).

[email :~/Downloads$ cd linux-3.16/

Yanzu yana da mahimmanci a kwafi tsarin kernel na yanzu don gabatar da jagorar aiki azaman mai amfani.

# cp /boot/config-'uname -r' .config

Yana yin kwafin /boot/config-'uname -r' don gabatar da kundin aiki \/home/avi/Downloads/linux-3.16 da adana shi azaman '< b>.config'.

Anan ‘uname -r’ za a maye gurbinsu ta atomatik kuma a sarrafa su da sigar kernel ɗin ku a halin yanzu.

Tun da ba za a iya ganin fayil ɗin digo kamar yadda aka saba ba, kuna buƙatar amfani da zaɓi '-a' tare da ls don duba wannan, a cikin kundin adireshin ku na yanzu'.

$ ls -al

Akwai hanyoyi guda uku don gina Linux Kernel.

  1. sa Oldconfig : Hanya ce ta mu'amala wacce kernel ke yin tambaya ɗaya bayan ɗaya abin da ya kamata ya goyi bayan da kuma menene. Tsari ne mai cin lokaci sosai.
  2. yi menuconfig : Tsari ne na tushen Menu na Layin Umurni inda mai amfani zai iya kunna kuma ya kashe wani zaɓi. Yana buƙatar ncurses ɗakin karatu saboda haka mun dace da abin da ke sama.
  3. yi qconfig/xconfig/gconfig : Tsarin tushen Menu ne na Zane inda mai amfani zai iya kunnawa da kashe zaɓi. Yana buƙatar Laburare QT.

Babu shakka za mu yi amfani da ''make menuconfig'.

Tsoron gina kwaya? Bai kamata ku kasance ba. Abin sha'awa, akwai abubuwa da yawa da za ku koya. Ya kamata ku tuna waɗannan abubuwa masu zuwa.

  1. Buƙatun kayan aikin ku da direbobin da suka dace.
  2. Zaɓi sabbin abubuwa yayin da kuke gina kwaya da kanku kamar - babban tallafin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
  3. Haɓaka kwaya - zaɓi waɗancan direbobi waɗanda kuke buƙata kawai. Zai hanzarta aiwatar da boot ɗin ku. Idan ba ku da tabbacin kowane direba, zai fi dacewa ku haɗa da wannan.

Yanzu, gudanar da 'make menuconfig' umurnin.

# make menuconfig

Muhimmi: Dole ne ku zaɓi “Zaɓi – KYAUTA TAIMAKON MODULE KYAUTA”, idan kun manta yin wannan, zaku sami lokuta masu wahala.

Lura: A cikin buɗaɗɗen sanyi windows zaku iya saita zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban don katin sadarwar ku, bluetooth, Touchpad, katin zane, tallafin tsarin fayil kamar NTFS da sauran zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa.

Babu koyawa da zai jagorance ku abin da ya kamata ku zaɓa da abin da ba haka ba. Kuna sanin wannan kawai ta Bincike, nazarin abubuwa akan yanar gizo, koyo daga koyawa na tecmint da kuma ta kowace hanya mai yuwuwa.

Kuna iya ganin akwai wani zaɓi na kernel hacking. Hacking? Ee! Anan yana nufin bincike. Kuna iya ƙara zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban a ƙarƙashin hacking kernel kuma kuyi amfani da fasali da yawa.

Na gaba, zaɓi Zaɓuɓɓukan Direba na Jima'i.

Tallafin Na'urar hanyar sadarwa.

Tallafin na'urar shigarwa.

Load da fayil ɗin daidaitawa (.config), mun adana daga /boot/config-\uname -r\config.

Danna Ok, ajiye kuma fita. Yanzu tsaftace bishiyar tushe kuma sake saita sigogin fakitin kwaya.

# make-kpkg clean

Kafin mu fara tattara kwaya, muna buƙatar fitar da CONCURRENCY_LEVEL. MATAKIN MATAKI na babban yatsan hannu yana da ka'ida don ƙara Lamba 1 zuwa maƙallan kwaya. Idan kana da nau'i biyu, fitarwa CONCURRENCY_LEVEL=3. Idan kana da muryoyi guda 4, a fitar da CONCURRENCY_LEVEL=5.

Don bincika muryoyin processor zaka iya amfani da umarnin cat kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.

# cat /proc/cpuinfo
Sample Output
processor	: 0 
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel 
cpu family	: 6 
model		: 69 
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-4005U CPU @ 1.70GHz 
stepping	: 1 
microcode	: 0x17 
cpu MHz		: 799.996 
cache size	: 3072 KB 
physical id	: 0 
siblings	: 4 
core id		: 0 
cpu cores	: 2 
apicid		: 0 
initial apicid	: 0 
fpu		: yes 
fpu_exception	: yes 
cpuid level	: 13 
wp		: yes

Kuna gani a sama fitarwa, Ina da 2 cores, don haka za mu fitar da 3 cores kamar yadda aka nuna a kasa.

# export CONCURRENCY_LEVEL=3

Saita daidai CONCURRENCY_LEVEL zai hanzarta lokacin tattara kernel.

# fakeroot make-kpkg --append-to-version "-tecmintkernel" --revision "1" --initrd kernel_image kernel_headers

Anan ‘tecminkernel’ shine sunan ginin kernel, yana iya zama duk wani abu da ya kama daga sunan ku, sunan mai masaukinku, sunan dabbar ku ko wani abu dabam.

Tarin kernel yana ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa dangane da abubuwan da ake haɗawa da ƙarfin sarrafa injin. Har zuwa lokacin da ake tattarawa duba wasu FAQs na harhada kwaya.

Wannan shine ƙarshen FAQ, bari in matsa tare da tsarin tattarawa. Bayan nasarar tattara kwaya, yana ƙirƙirar fayil guda biyu (kunshin Debian), directory ɗaya 'sama' na Directory ɗinmu na yanzu.

Kundin aikin mu na yanzu shine.

/home/avi/Downloads/linux-3.16/

An ƙirƙiri fakitin Debian a.

/home/avi/Downloads

Don tabbatar da shi, gudanar da umarni masu zuwa.

# cd ..
# ls -l linux-*.deb

Na gaba, gudanar da fayil ɗin hoton Linux wanda aka ƙirƙira.

# dpkg -i linux-image-3.16.0-tecmintkernel_1_amd64.deb

Gudun fayil ɗin taken Linux don haka ƙirƙira.

# dpkg -i linux-headers-3.16.0-tecmintkernel_1_amd64.deb

An gama komai! Mun samu nasarar ginawa, haɗawa da shigar da Sabon Linux Kernel 3.16 akan Debian tare da duk sauran abubuwan dogaro. Haka kuma kunshin Debian ya sami nasarar sabunta bootloader (GRUB/LILO), ta atomatik. Lokaci yayi da za a sake yi da gwada sabuwar kwaya.

Da fatan za a lura da duk wani saƙon kuskure da za ku iya samu yayin booting. Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci wannan kuskure don magance su, idan akwai.

# reboot

Da zaran Debian ya sake farawa, danna 'Zaɓi na ci gaba' don ganin jerin abubuwan da ake da su da kuma shigar kernels.

Duba jerin kernels da aka shigar.

Zaɓi Kernel na baya-bayan nan da aka haɗa (watau 3.16) don yin taya.

Duba sigar kernel.

# uname -mrns

Sabuwar, wanda aka shigar yanzu an saita don taya, ta atomatik kuma ba kwa buƙatar zaɓar ta kowane lokaci daga zaɓuɓɓukan taya na ci gaba.

Ga waɗanda ba sa son tattara kwaya na nasu akan Debian (x86_64) kuma suna son yin amfani da kernel ɗin da aka riga aka haɗa waɗanda muka gina a cikin wannan koyawa, za su iya zazzage ta daga hanyar haɗin da ke ƙasa. Wannan kernel ɗin bazai yi aiki ga wasu kayan aikin da kuke da shi ba.

  1. linux-image-3.16.0-linux-console.net_kernel_1_amd64.deb
  2. linux-headers-3.16.0-linux-console.net_kernel_1_amd64.deb

Na gaba, shigar da kernel da aka riga aka haɗa ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa.

# dpkg -i linux-image-3.16.0-linux-console.net_kernel_amd64.deb
# dpkg -i linux-headers-3.16.0-linux-console.net_kernel_amd64.deb

Ana iya cire kwaya da ba a yi amfani da ita daga tsarin ta amfani da umarni.

# apt-get remove linux-image-(unused_version_number)

Tsanaki: Ya kamata ku cire tsohuwar kwaya bayan gwada Sabbin kwaya kwata-kwata. Kada ku yanke shawara cikin gaggawa. Ya kamata ku ci gaba kawai idan kun san abin da kuke yi.

Idan kun yi wani abu ba daidai ba wajen cire kwaya da kuke so, ko cire kernel ɗin da bai kamata ku yi ba, tsarin ku zai kasance cikin matakin da ba za ku iya aiki da shi ba.

Bayan cire kernel da ba a yi amfani da shi ba za ku iya samun saƙo kamar.

  1. Mahadar /vmlinuz ta lalace.
  2. Cire hanyar haɗi ta alama vmlinuz.
  3. Kila kuna buƙatar sake kunna bootloader[grub].
  4. Mahadar /initrd.img hanyar haɗi ce ta lalace.
  5. Cire hanyar haɗi na alama initrd.img .
  6. Kila kuna buƙatar sake kunna bootloader[grub].

Wannan al'ada ce kuma ba buƙatar ku damu ba. Kawai sabunta GRUB ɗin ku ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa.

# /usr/sbin/update-grub

Kuna iya buƙatar sabunta /etc/kernel-img.conf fayil ɗin ku kuma musaki 'do_symlinks', don kashe waɗannan saƙonnin. Idan kun sami damar sake kunnawa da sake shiga, babu matsala.

Shi ke nan a yanzu. Zan sake kasancewa a nan tare da wani labarin mai ban sha'awa. Har sai a saurara kuma ku haɗa zuwa Tecment. Kar ku manta da samar mana da ra'ayoyin ku masu mahimmanci a cikin sashin sharhin da ke ƙasa. Hakanan gaya mana ƙwarewar ku lokacin da kuka haɗu da haɗawar Kernel da shigarwa.

Karanta kuma :

  1. Shigar da Kernel 3.16 a cikin Ubuntu
  2. Haɗa kuma Sanya Kernel 3.12 a cikin Linux Debian