Fayil ɗin Fayil na Linux ya Bayyana: Loading Boot, Rarraba Disk, BIOS, UEFI da Nau'in Tsarin Fayil


Manufar bootloading, rarraba faifai, tebur bangare, BIOS, UEFI, nau'ikan tsarin fayil, da sauransu ba su da masaniya ga yawancin mu. Mun ci karo da waɗannan kalmomi sau da yawa amma da wuya mu ɗauki zafi don sanin waɗannan da ma'anarsu dalla-dalla. Wannan labarin a ƙoƙarin cika wannan gibin ta hanya mafi sauƙi.

Teburin Rarraba

Ɗaya daga cikin shawarar farko da muka samu yayin shigar da Rarraba Linux shine rarrabuwar faifan sa, tsarin fayil don amfani, aiwatar da ɓoyewa don tsaro wanda ya bambanta da canjin gine-gine da dandamali. Daya daga cikin gine-ginen da aka fi amfani da shi,INTEL yana fuskantar wasu sauye-sauye kuma yana da mahimmanci a fahimci waɗannan canje-canje waɗanda a gefe guda ke buƙatar sanin tsarin boot.

Yawancin masu haɓakawa suna gudanar da duka Windows da Linux akan na'ura ɗaya wanda zai iya zama batun fifiko ko buƙata. Yawancin masu ɗorawa na boot na yau suna da wayo don gane kowane adadin Operating System akan akwatin guda kuma suna ba da menu don yin booting cikin wanda aka fi so. Wata hanyar da za a iya cimma wannan buri ɗaya ita ce yin amfani da ƙira ta amfani da Xen, QEMU, KVM ko duk wani kayan aikin gani da aka fi so.

BIOS Vs UEFI

Idan na tuna da kyau, har zuwa ƙarshen 90's BIOS wanda ke nufin Basic Input/Tsarin fitarwa ita ce hanya ɗaya tilo ta taya Intel System. BIOS yana riƙe da bayanan rarrabawa a wani yanki na musamman da ake kira Master Boot Record (MBR) kamar yadda ƙarin lambar ke adanawa a ɓangaren farko na kowane bangare na boot-able.

A cikin Late 90Shigar da Microsoft ta yi tare da Intel ya haifar da Interface Interface Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) manufar farko wadda ita ce ta tashi lafiya. Wannan tsari na booting ya zama ƙalubale ga rootkits musamman waɗanda ke haɗe tare da sassan taya kuma suna da wahalar ganowa tare da BIOS.

Boot tare da BIOS

Yin booting tare da BIOS yana buƙatar sanya lambobin boot ko jerin boot a cikin MBR wanda aka sanya a sashin farko na boot disk. Idan an shigar da Operating System fiye da ɗaya za a maye gurbin bootloader ɗin da aka shigar da babban bootloader guda ɗaya wanda ke sanya lambobin boot akan kowane faifan bootable yayin shigarwa da sabuntawa ta atomatik, wanda ke nufin mai amfani yana da zaɓi don yin booting cikin kowane OS da aka shigar.

Duk da haka ana ganin, musamman a kan windows cewa mai ɗaukar kaya wanda ba na windows ba zai sabunta tsarin ba musamman wasu shirye-shirye kamar, IE amma kuma babu wani doka mai wuya da sauri kuma ba a rubuta shi a ko'ina ba. .

Boot tare da UEFI

UEFI shine sabuwar fasahar taya da aka ƙera tare da haɗin gwiwar Microsoft tare da Intel. UEFI na buƙatar firmware ɗin da za a loda shi an sanya hannu ta hanyar dijital, hanyar da za a dakatar da haɗa tushen rootkits tare da ɓangaren taya. Koyaya, matsalar booting Linux ta amfani da UEFI tana da rikitarwa. Booting Linux a cikin UEFI yana buƙatar maɓallan da aka yi amfani da su don bayyana jama'a ƙarƙashin GPL wanda ya saba wa ka'idar Linux.

Duk da haka har yanzu yana yiwuwa a shigar da Linux akan ƙayyadaddun UEFI ta hanyar kashe 'Secure boot' da kunna ''Legacy Boot'. Ana sanya lambobin taya a cikin UEFI ƙarƙashin kundin adireshi na /EFI, bangare na musamman a sashin farko na faifai.

Nau'in Tsarin Fayil na Linux

Daidaitaccen Rarraba Linux yana ba da zaɓi na rarraba faifai tare da tsarin fayil ɗin da aka jera a ƙasa, kowannensu yana da ma'ana ta musamman mai alaƙa da shi.

  1. ext2
  2. ext3
  3. ext4
  4. jfs
  5. ReiserFS
  6. XFS
  7. Btrfs

Waɗannan su ne ci gaba na Extended Filesystem (ext), wanda da farko an ƙirƙira shi don MINIX. Siga mai tsawo na biyu (ext2) ya kasance ingantaccen sigar. Ext3 ya ƙara haɓaka aiki. Ext4 ya kasance ingantaccen aiki baya ga ƙarin samar da ƙarin fasali.

The Tsarin Fayil na Jarida (JFS) IBM ne ya samar da shi don AIX UNIX wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman madadin tsarin ext. JFS shine madadin ext4 a halin yanzu kuma ana amfani dashi inda ake buƙatar kwanciyar hankali tare da amfani da albarkatun kaɗan. Lokacin da aka iyakance ikon CPU JFS ya zo da hannu.

An gabatar da shi azaman madadin ext3 tare da ingantattun ayyuka da abubuwan ci gaba. Akwai lokacin da tsarin fayil ɗin tsoho na SuSE Linux shine ReiserFS amma daga baya Reiser ya fita kasuwanci kuma SuSe ba shi da wani zaɓi face ya koma ext3 . ReiserFS yana goyan bayan Tsawaita Tsarin Fayil a zahiri wanda ya kasance ingantacciyar sifa ce ta ci gaba amma tsarin fayil ɗin ba shi da wani yanki na aiki.

XFS babban gudun JFS ne wanda ke da nufin daidaita I/O aiki. NASA har yanzu tana amfani da wannan tsarin fayil akan sabar ma'ajiyar terabyte ta 300+.

B-Tree File System (Btrfs) mai da hankali kan juriya ga kuskure, gudanarwa mai daɗi, Tsarin gyarawa, babban tsarin ajiya kuma har yanzu yana kan haɓakawa. Ba a ba da shawarar Btrfs don Tsarin Samfura ba.

Ba a buƙatar Tsarin fayil ɗin tari don yin booting amma ya fi dacewa a ra'ayi na nau'i na ma'auni na mahalli.

Akwai tsarin Fayil da yawa da ba a samun su a ƙarƙashin Linux amma wasu OS na amfani da su. Viz., NTFS na Microsoft, HFS ta Apple/Mac os, da sauransu. Yawancin waɗannan ana iya amfani da su a ƙarƙashin Linux ta hanyar hawa su ta amfani da wasu kayan aiki kamar ntfs-3g zuwa Dutsen NTFS fayil tsarin amma ba a fi so a ƙarƙashin Linux.

Fayil na Unix

Akwai wasu nau'ikan fayilolin da aka yi amfani da su sosai a cikin Linux amma ba a fi so a ƙarƙashin Linux ba musamman don shigar da tushen Linux. misali, UFS na BSD.

Ext4 shine tsarin fayil ɗin Linux wanda aka fi so kuma akafi amfani dashi. A wasu takamaiman yanayi na musamman XFS da ReiserFS ana amfani da su. Har yanzu ana amfani da Btrfs a yanayin gwaji.

Rarraba Disk

Mataki na farko shine Rarraba diski. Yayin rarraba ya kamata mu kiyaye abubuwan da ke ƙasa a hankali.

  1. Ajiye madadin da murmurewa a zuciya.
  2. Alamar iyakance sarari a cikin bangare.
  3. Gudanar da Disk - Ayyukan Gudanarwa.

Gudanar da Ƙarar Ma'ana

LVM hadaddun rarrabuwa ce da ake amfani da ita a cikin Babban Saka Ma'aji. Tsarin LVM yana rufe ainihin rarrabuwar faifai na zahiri.

Ana amfani da Swap don yin amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin Linux musamman lokacin Hibernation System. An rubuta matakin Tsarin na yanzu zuwa Swap lokacin da aka dakatar da tsarin (Hibernate) a wani lokaci.

Tsarin da ba zai taɓa yin bacci ba yana buƙatar swap sarari daidai girman RAM.

Rufewa

Mataki na ƙarshe shine ɓoyewa wanda ke tabbatar da bayanai cikin aminci. Encryption na iya kasancewa a matakin Disk da kuma Directory. A cikin ɓoyayyen diski, gabaɗayan faifan da aka rufaffen na iya buƙatar wasu nau'ikan lambobi na musamman don yanke shi.

Duk da haka lamari ne mai rikitarwa. Lambar ƙaddamarwa ba za ta iya kasancewa a kan faifai guda ɗaya da ake ɓoyewa ba don haka muna buƙatar takamaiman kayan aiki na musamman ko barin motherboard suyi shi.

Rufin fayafai yana da sauƙin cimmawa kuma ba shi da rikitarwa. A wannan yanayin lambar ɓoyewa ta kasance akan faifai ɗaya, wani wuri a cikin kundin adireshi daban-daban.

Rufe faifan diski yana da mahimmanci a ginin uwar garken kuma yana iya zama batun doka dangane da wurin da kake aiwatar da shi.

Anan a cikin wannan labarin, mun gwada jefa fitilu akan Mai sarrafa Fayil ɗin da kuma sarrafa diski a cikin yanayi mai zurfi sosai. Shi ke nan a yanzu. Zan sake kasancewa a nan tare da Wani labari mai ban sha'awa wanda ya cancanci sani. Har zuwa lokacin Kasance tare da haɗin kai zuwa Tecmint kuma kar ku manta da samar mana da mahimman ra'ayoyin ku a cikin sashin sharhin da ke ƙasa.